Tag: antigen and antibody

• Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes.
• Colostrum is a milky fluid that comes from the breasts of humans, cows, and other mammals the first few days after giving birth before true milk appears.
• Immunoglobulin abundant in colostrum is IgA in the form of secretory IgA or sIgA. Much of these are produced by plasma cells in the mammary tissue.
• So, the correct answer is 'IgA'.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is one of several forms of the antibody that are produced by vertebrates. IgM is the largest antibody and it is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen in the blood. IgM antibodies appear early in the course of an infection and usually reappear to a lesser extent after further exposure to the same antigen. IgM antibodies do not pass across the human placenta.

The thymus gland, despite containing glandular tissue and producing several hormones, is much more closely associated with the immune system than with the endocrine system. The thymus serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell. T cells defend the body from potentially deadly pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The function of the thymus is to receive immature T cells that are produced in the red bone marrow and train them into functional, mature T cells that attack only foreign cells. T cells first reside within the cortex of the thymus where they come in contact with epithelial cells presenting various antigens. The immature T cells that respond to the antigens corresponding to foreign cells are selected to survive, mature, and migrate to the medulla while the rest die via apoptosis and are cleaned up by macrophages.

The classical pathway of the complement system is triggered specifically by the binding of C1q to antigen-antibody complexes (specifically IgG or IgM).

Antibodies are secreted by cells of the adaptive immune system; B cells, which are formed by the differentiation of the plasma cells. B lymphocytes have antibodies attached to them. Once they detect an antigen, they transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies until the immune response is over. 

If the identical antibodies are produced by the single clone of cells such antibodies are called as monoclonal antibodies. They are clones or single type but they are target specific. Each monoclonal antibody recognizes one particular protein (antigen). They work in different ways depending on the protein they are targeting. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

In the blood, the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex. The antigenic determinant or epitope is recognized by the paratope of an antibody, situated at the variable region of the polypeptide chain.

A. Anti-snake venom is made by collecting venom from the snake and injecting small amounts of it usually into a horse. The antibodies that form in the horse blood are then collected and used to treat a snake bite case by injecting directly to the affected person.
B. Antibodies against smallpox are produced by B-lymphocytes.
C. Antibodies contain 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains.
D. Rejection of a kidney graft is a function of T-lymphocytes.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by a single clone of B-cells (single parent type) and are specific to a single epitope on an antigen.