Tag: antibodies and antitoxin

Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by B-lymphocytes within the human body as part of the adaptive immune response to identify and neutralize pathogens.

Immunoglobulins are the proteinaceous substances produced by the immune cells (B cell) that function as antibodies. The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Antibodies are small proteinaceous substance made by the immune cells. Antibodies attach to proteins and other chemicals in the body, which they recognise to be not normally found in the body ('foreign'). The foreign proteins and chemicals that antibodies attach to are called as antigens. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

• Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells).
• B lymphocytes are activated on their encounter with foreign agents. These foreign particles act as foreign markers.
• The B-cells immediately differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells. The plasma cells produce antibodies specific to that foreign particle or so-called antigen.
  
• These antibodies attach to the surface of the antigen/foreign agent.
  
• These antibodies detect any antigen in the body and destroy it.
  
• Hence Antibodies are formed by Plasma cells.
• So, the correct answer is 'Plasma cells'.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that has been found only in mammals. IgE is synthesised by plasma cells. IgE also has an essential role in type I hypersensitivity which includes allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and specific types of chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis.

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph. Lymphocytes are involved in the activation of the immune system. Hence, B-lymphocytes are involved in the production of an antibody.

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine is recommended to be administered as soon as possible after birth to provide early protection against tuberculosis.

Cholera outbreaks often occur suddenly in epidemic proportions, making vaccination a key response measure deployed during such outbreaks alongside sanitation control.

Vaccines are generally administered in children. When a disease carrying microbe enters our body, the body produces antibodies to fight the invader. The body also remembers how to fight the microbe if it enters again. The antibodies remain in the body and we are protected from the disease causing microbes.

A worldwide campaign against smallpox has finally led to its eradication from most parts of the world.The other campaign are against polio,cholera,tuberculosis also led in most part of the world.