Tag: innate and learned behaviour

There are 4 types of spinal reflex action, namely the stretch reflex, the Golgi tendon reflex, the crossed extensor reflex and the withdrawal reflex. The direction of response is opposite in withdrawal reflex action. The withdrawal reflex is also called as flexor withdrawal reflex. It protects the body from damaging stimuli. It is polysynaptic. Hence, it causes the stimulation of sensory, association and motor neurons.  For example, when a person touches a hot iron, he withdraws his hand from it within fraction of seconds. In this, the heat stimulates temperature and danger receptors in the skin, triggering a sensory impulse that travels to the central nervous system. The sensory neuron synapses with interneurons and connects to motor neurons. These motor neurons send motor impulses to the flexors and allows withdrawal.

A person experiences goose bumps in the presence of extremely cold temperatures. Tiny muscles attached to each hair follicle contracts because of the stimulus of cold surroundings. The hair strands stand on the end due to this contraction of muscles. The contracted tiny muscles cause bunching of the skin around hairs, which results in bumps in the goose bumps. The goose bumps are helpful to reduce the heat loss from the body and it is a way of preserving body's heat by causing the hairs on the skin to stand up. 

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• Receptor - sense organ in the skin, muscle, or another organ.
• Sensory neuron - carrier impulse within CNS

Interneuron - carrier impulse within CNS

• Motor neuron - carrier impulse towards CNS
• Effector - structure by which an animal responds.

So, the correct option is 'Sense organs and muscle effector'.

Nerve depressants or CNS depressants are the substances that slow the brain activity. This includes sedatives and tranquilizers. This makes them useful for treating anxiety and sleep disorders.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'Are sedatives and tranquillisers both'.

Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant of the methylxanthine class of psychoactive drugs. It is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and thus closely related chemically to the adenine and guanine contained in DNA and RNA.
So, the correct answer is option C.

LSD or lysergic acid diethylamide is mood-changing chemical.
A sedative or tranquillizer is a substance, that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement of nervous activity.
Narcotics are any of a class of substances that blunt senses.
Stimulant is psychoactive drugs, that induce temporary improvements.
So, the correct answer is option D.

Psychotropic drug is any chemical substance, that changes brain function and results in alterations in perceptions, mood or consciousness. Commonly used psychotropic drugs are anxiolytics, euphoriants, stimulants, depressants like sedatives, hypnotics and narcotics and hallucinogens.
So, the correct answer is option C.

THC is the abbreviated form of tetrahydrocannabinol. It is one of the compounds found in the resins which are secreted by the glands of Cannabis plant. It is considered as the mind-altering ingredient. The drug shows many physiological effects on the individual's memory, concentration, co-ordination, thinking, perception, movements, etc. The drug is considered to be a hallucinogen and recreates environment in the individual's mind which is not existing in reality.

Heroin is an opiate, which produces a quick, intense feeling of pleasure followed by a sense of well-being and calm.
Metastasis is the property of malignant tumors (and not benign tumors) to spread from one place to another in the body.
Cannabinoids (THC) appears to ease moderate pain (analgesic) and to be neuroprotective and hence is given after surgeries.