Tag: sexual reproduction in plants

After fertilization, the ovule matures into seeds and ovary into fruits. The process of fertilization is unique in angiosperms because it involves syngamy between male and female gametes and triple fusion between a male gamete and a secondary nucleus. Because two fertilization events are involved, it is called as double fertilization. The second fertilization is a fusion between three haploid nucleus (two forming a diploid secondary nucleus and one haploid male nucleus). Hence the secondary fertilization event is called as Triple fusion. It gives rise to a triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). PEN later on gives rise to triploid endosperm. The seed coat forms from the two integuments or outer layers of cells of the ovule, which derive from tissue from the mother plant, the inner integument forms the tegmen and the outer forms the testa. The seed coats of some monocotyledon plants, such as the grasses, are not distinct structures, but are fused with the fruit wall to form a pericarp.

Aleurone layer in the seed helps in embryo protection, utilization of stored food and storage of food. Aleurone is a protein found in protein granules of maturing seeds and tubers. The term also describes one of the two major cell types of the endosperm, the aleurone layer. The aleurone layer is the outermost layer of the endosperm, followed by the inner starchy endosperm. This layer of cells is sometimes referred to as the peripheral endosperm. It lies between the pericarp and the hyaline layer of the endosperm. Unlike the cells of the starchy endosperm, aleurone cells remain alive at maturity.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.

In hypogeal germination, epicotyl elongates and cotyledons remain underground. 
In epigeal germination, hypocotyl elongates and pushes cotyledons above the ground. 
Assertion is wrong because gram, pea and mango shows hypogeal germination.
Reason is true but it is not the right explanation for given assertion.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Orthodox seeds are seeds which will survive drying or freezing during ex-situ conservation. There is variation in the ability of orthodox seeds to withstand drying and storage with some seeds being more sensitive than others. Thus, some seeds are considered intermediate in their storage capability while others are fully orthodox.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The outer thick layer is called as testa and inner thin one as tegmen. The seed develops from the tissue, that is the integument which originally surrounds the ovule. The seed coat forms from the two integuments or outer layers of cells of the ovule, which derive from tissue from the mother plant, the inner integument forms the tegmen and the outer forms the testa. The seed coats of some mononocotyledon plants, such as the grasses, are not distinct structures, but are fused with the fruit wall to form a pericarp.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

In hypogeal germination, cotyledons remain underground and plumule is elongated above the ground. 
Hypocotyl is part of the stem situated below the cotyledons. If hypocotyl is the active region, then it will elongate and will bring cotyledons above the ground. But, as stated above cotyledons remain underground. 
Radicle gives rise to primary root during germination process. 
Tigellum is the main axis of embryo which protrudes out of the cotyledons and forms radicle and plumule during germination process. 
Epicotyl is part of the stem above cotyledons. During germination process, epicotyl being the active region elongates and pushes plumule above the ground and cotyledons remain underground.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Beer is an alcoholic beverage produced by the saccharification of starch and fermentation of the resulting sugar. The starch and saccharification enzymes are often derived from malted cereal grains, most commonly malted barley. A large part (about 25%) of the remainder is used for malting, for which barley is the best-suited grain. It is a key ingredient in beer and whisky production.
Two-row barley is traditionally used in German and English beers. Six-row barley was traditionally used in US beers, but both varieties are in common usage now. Distilled from green beer, whisky has been made primarily from barley in Ireland and Scotland, while other countries have used more diverse sources of alcohol, such as the more common corn, rye and wheat in the USA. In the US, a grain type may be identified on a whisky label if that type of grain constitutes 51% or more of the ingredients and certain other conditions are satisfied. So, beer is prepared from barley and not from sugarcane, grape and maize. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

The peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the family Fabaceae. Peanuts can be eaten raw, used in recipes, made into oils, textile materials and peanut butter as well as many other uses. In general, peanut products are considered safe for human use, although there are insufficient studies about peanut aflatoxins and uses for cosmetics. Peanut oil is often used in cooking, because it has a mild flavour and a relatively high smoke point. Due to its high monounsaturated content, it is considered healthier than saturated oils and is resistant to rancidity.
There are several types of peanut oil including aromatic roasted peanut oil, refined peanut oil, extra virgin or cold pressed peanut oil and peanut extract.
In the United States, refined peanut oil is exempt from allergen labelling laws. This oil is obtained from seeds of Arachis hypogea. Oryza sativa is rich in carbohydrates. Cicer arietinum is rich in proteins. Hibiscus esculentus (okra) seeds does not contains fats. 
Thus, the correct answer is option A.