Tag: diabetes mellitus

Transgenic models are genetically modified organisms in which the genome has been altered through random integration of gene sequences.

Cryobiology is the branch of biology that deals with effects of low temperatures on living things. Teratology is the branch of science which deals with the study of congenital abnormalities and abnormal physiological development. Molecular biology is the branch of biology which deals with the the structure and function of the essential macromolecules. The major application of molecular biology to prevention and early detection of cancer and other diseases by identification of certain genes. Gerontology is the branch of science which deals with the study of old age, the process of ageing and the problems of aged people.

A deletion mutation occurs when part of a DNA molecule is not copied during DNA replication. This uncopied part can be as small as single nucleotide or as much as an entire chromosome. The loss of this DNA during replication can lead to genetic disease.

Exposure to heavy metals like cadmium is a known environmental risk factor for prostate cancer, as it can interfere with DNA repair mechanisms.

One of the hallmarks of human cancers is the intrinsic or acquired resistance to apoptosis. Evasion of apoptosis may contribute to carcinogenesis, tumor progression and also to treatment resistance, since most current anticancer therapies including chemotherapy, radio- and immunotherapy primarily act by activating cell death pathways including apoptosis in cancer cells.

HeLa  is an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be remarkably durable and prolific which warrants its extensive use in scientific research. The cells from Lacks's cancerous cervical tumor were taken without her knowledge or consent. Cell biologist George Otto Gey found that they could be kept alive, and isolated one specific cell, multiplied it, and developed a cell line. (Before this, cells cultured from other human cells would only survive for a few days; scientists spent more time trying to keep the cells alive than performing actual research on them. Cells from Lacks's tumor behaved differently.) As was custom for Gey's lab assistant, she labeled the culture 'HeLa', the first two letters of the patient's first and last name; this became the name of the cell line. These were the first human cells grown in a lab that were naturally "immortal", meaning that they do not die after a set number of cell divisions (i.e. cellular senescence). These cells could be used for conducting a multitude of medical experiments—if the cells died, they could simply be discarded and the experiment attempted again on fresh cells from the culture. This represented an enormous boon to medical and biological research, as previously stocks of living cells were limited and took significant effort to culture.