Tag: botany

According to Mendel"s law of segregation, alleles segregate from one another so that the gametes will have only one copy of the particular gene. In a diploid organism, there are two alleles for a particular gene, which segregate and only one of each allele can be present in a gamete, therefore, since there are two alleles for a gene, chances of a gamete containing either of the allele is 50%. 

Incomplete dominance: It is a type of intragenic (or interallellic) interaction where both the alleles of a given trait express as a blend (mixture) as against a normal Mendelian pattern where one allele is dominant over the other. As a resulting of this blending, an intermediate character is expressed. This situation occurs due to the fact that the dominant gene is not in a position to completely suppress the expression of recessive gene. With the result, the heterozygous offspring will be phenotypically and genotypically different from either of the homozygous parent.

Hybrid - Rr pink flower and white flower - rr
Genotypes: Rr            x      rr
Gametes:     R, r                 r
Offspring:      Rr, rr
The ratio of pink flower: white flower = 1:1

Incomplete dominance refers to a genetic situation in which one allele does not completely dominate another allele and, therefore, results in a new phenotype. It shows that the dominant allele is incompletely dominant.
Examples of incomplete dominance are:

Incomplete dominance is the only option which does not obey Mendel's principles. Mendel postulated law of segregation, independent assortment, dominance, purity of gametes, etc. According to Mendel's theories, the alleles constituting the genes will separate and segregate during meiosis for the formation of gametes. It produces the expression of either dominant or recessive - dominant expresses in both homo and heterozygous conditions, recessive expresses only in homozygous condition. But incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expresses physical trait is a combination of the dominant and recessive phenotypes.

Homozygous dominant red flowered plant- RR
Homozygous recessive white flowered plant- rr
Genotypes:  RR     x     rr
Gametes:     R             r
F$ _{1}$:   Rr (pink-coloured flower)
This is an example of incomplete dominance.

Red flower plant fuses with white flower plant.

Genotype        :      Red (RR)   x    White (rr)                            

Gametes         :        R                        r

In the plant Mirabilis jalapa, commonly called as four o'clock plant, the inheritance of flower colour is an example for incomplete dominance. The plant produces two types of flowers red coloured and white coloured. This condition is an example for a pair of contrasting characters. When a plant which is homozygous for red flowers (AA) is crossed with a plant which is homozygous for white flowers (aa), the plants of the F$ _{1}$ generation produce pink flowers which is a blend of red and white condition. This result clearly indicates that neither red flowered condition nor white flowered condition is dominant. However, when two hybrid plants with pink flowers (Aa) are crossed, the F$ _{2}$ generation plants show red flowered, pink flowered and white flowered condition in the ratio 1:2:1. This ratio is very much in accordance with the law of segregation.
This example very clearly indicates
1. The phenomenon of incomplete dominance
2. That the genes responsible for red and white flowers do not actually mix, since both the pure characters reappear in the F$ _{2}$ generation
3. That there is no specific gene responsible for producing pink flowers
4. That the homozygous white flowered plants have genes aa which is unable to produce     the colouring pigment
5. That the heterozygous pink flowered plants have genes Aa and hence can produce only half the amount of colouring pigment that is normally produced in a red flowered plant (AA).

 The F1-hybrid plants have a different phenotype (pink flowers) than either of the true-breeding parents. This is an example of incomplete dominance. When the F1-hybrid plants are self-fertilized, both parental phenotypes (red flowered plants and white flowered plants) reappear in the F2 generation.