Tag: non infectious diseases

A carcinogen is any substance or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.  Carcinogens may increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells. N-nitrosodimethylene causes liver cancer, whereas some of the tobacco-specific nitrosamines cause lung cancer. Volatile N-nitrosamines induce tumours in a variety of human organs, including the tongue, oesophagus, lung, pancreas, liver, kidney and bladder. 

Cancerous cells spread to other parts of the body as it is able to break away from the original (primary) tumour and get into the bloodstream or lymph system, which can carry them to another part of the body. Cancerous cells also spread through metastasis. Metastasis is the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer. When tumour cells metastasize, the new tumour is called a secondary or a metastatic tumour, and its cells are similar to those in the original or primary tumour.

• Cervical cancer is cancer arising from the cervix. It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. It is caused by Human Papillomavirus
  
• Initially, no symptoms are seen. Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or pain during sexual intercourse.
  
• Hence Cervical cancer is caused by Human Papillomavirus.
• So, the correct answer is 'Human Papillomavirus'.

In nuclear leakage, apart from the damage caused by fires and explosions, accidents also release radioactive materials which can cause radiation sickness. The radiation possesses carcinogenic potential. It will induce cancer in tissues of most species at all ages including the fetus. Nuclear waste is hazardous for tens of thousands of years.

According to World health organisation, prolonged human exposure to solar UV radiation may result in acute and chronic health effects on the skin, eye and immune system. 

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations and cancer. Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation. A tumour suppressor gene or antioncogene is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. Cancer develops due to inactivation of a tumour suppressor gene.

Bladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder. Symptoms include blood in the urine, pain with urination, and low back pain. Thirty per cent of bladder tumours probably results from occupational exposure in the workplace to carcinogens such as benzidine. 2-Naphthylamine and 4-aminobiphenyl which is found in cigarette smoke and has shown to increase bladder cancer risk.