Tag: the age of adolescence

Drug abuse is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of  substance-related disorder. The exact cause of drug abuse is not clear, with theories including: a genetic disposition; learned from others - or a habit which if addiction develops, manifests as a chronic debilitating disease.

Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

A small, 6-inch chapati contains 71 calories, 3 grams of protein, 0.4 gram of fat and 15 grams of carbohydrates, including 2 grams of fiber. The chapati is lower in calories and provides more protein and fiber. For most vegetarians, dal is one of the main protein sources. Legumes have protein, and they tend to be good sources of several minerals like potassium and magnesium. Pulses (which most dals are made up off) normally have higher protein content. They contain 18 to 22% gms of protein while the remaining percentage is of carbohydrates. Vegetables are important sources of many nutrients, including potassium, dietary fiber, folate (folic acid), vitamin A, and vitamin C. 

Vegetables and fruits are important sources of many nutrients, including potassium, dietary fibre, folate (folic acid), vitamin A, and vitamin C. 

Food substances that are modified and provides us with health benefits and lowers the risk of diseases are called as the functional food. An example of functional food is oatmeal as it provides soluble fiber and helps to lower the cholesterol. Thus the correct answer is option B.

The menstrual cycle refers to the series of events that periodically modifies the female reproductive tract of humans and advanced primates. In other mammals, a cycle of receptivity to sexual activity occurs that is probably less complex than the menstrual cycle and is known as the estrous cycle.

Those structures which are directly concerned with reproduction are considered primary sex characteristics. Secondary sexual characters can be used to differentiate between males and females and usually serve the purpose of attracting potential mates. Testosterone is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics such as a deep voice and facial hair. In the female, the hormones that most nearly parallel testosterone in their actions are the estrogens. Estrogens contribute to the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and stimulate the development of the mammary glands (breast in this question), the onset of menstruation, and the development and functioning of the reproductive organs. The other hormone produced by the female sex glands, called progesterone, assists in the normal development of pregnancy.

The process of formation of mature female gametes is called oogenesis. The reproductive cycle of female primates is called menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle starts only after attaining sexual maturation (puberty). During ovulation only one ovum is released per menstrual cycle. The cyclical changes in the ovary and the uterus during menstrual cycle are induced by changes in the levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones.

The recurring physiological changes induced and regulated by reproductive hormones in non-primates constitute oestrous cycle. It consists of short period of heat generation which is then followed by anoestrous phase. Oestrous cycle is initiated as a result of no fertilization and is characterized by sloughing off of uterine endometrium, which was proliferated for implantation of fertilized egg, and its reabsorption. Since, non primate females become receptive to male during oestrous phase, it is indicator of breeding period. Estrogens are secreted by developing follicles in ovary during follicular phase coincide with first oestrous (low estrogens) and then proliferative phase (high level of estrogens by developing follicles) in uterus.This makes option B incorrect since, estrogens level is low during oestrous cycle. 

Estrogens are produced primarily by the ovaries. They are released by the Graafian follicles on the ovaries and are also secreted by the corpus luteum after the egg has been released from the follicle and from the placenta.