Tag: biomolecules

Emergency hormone in animals is adrenaline. This hormone is secreted  by adrenal gland and also called as 'hormones of Fight or Flight'. It prepares the body to face emergency conditions of physical stress like danger, anger, excitement; etc. It is secreted in small amounts all the time but in large amounts when a person is frightened. The target organ is heart so heart beat increases, resulting in supply of more oxygen in our muscles. It allows more supply of glucose into the blood to give us a lot of energy quickly to fight or flight from the frightening situation.

Testosterone is used as synthetic analog by body builders illegally and unethically. Bodybuilders and athletes use these hormones to improve their performance. Steroids also help to reduce fatigue due to which sportsmen can perform tirelessly. It acts as a buffer when lactic acid is formed during physical exertion. They help athletes perform better, run faster and increase their capacity for endurance.

(A) Estrone is a female sex hormone.
(B) Testosterone is a male sex hormone.
(C) Cortisone is a steroid hormone whose main physiological effect is on carbohydrate metabolism. It is synthesized from cholesterol in the outer layer, or cortex of the adrenal gland.
(D) Thyroxine is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. The hormone thyroxine forms by combining the amino acid tyrosine with iodine. It is stored in the follicle stems between thyroid cells. Thyroxine enters into the bloodstream complexed to another protein, plasma globulin. 

The hormones used by athletes to increase the mass and strength of muscles are androgens and testosterone. They promote muscle building and increase their performance. These hormones help athletes recover from a hard workout more quickly by reducing the muscle damage that occurs during the session. This enables athletes to work out harder and more frequently without overtraining.

Option (D) is correct.
Estrogen, estradiol and progesterone all are female sex hormones. These hormones work together to promote the healthy development of female sex characteristics during puberty and to ensure fertility. Progesterone and estrogen are necessary to prepare the uterus for menstruation, and their release is triggered by the hypothalamus. Estradiol is essential in breast development, fat distribution in the hips, legs, and breasts, and the development of reproductive organs.

Combined oral contraceptive pills typically contain a synthetic estrogen, such as ethinyl estradiol, and a synthetic progestin, such as norethindrone. These two hormones work synergistically to suppress ovulation and prevent pregnancy.

Insulin is a protein hormone that requires zinc (Zn) ions for its storage and crystallization in the pancreas. Zinc is a crucial cofactor for the structural stability of the insulin hexamer.

Synthetic testosterone promotes muscles growth. The muscle-promoting drugs or hormonal substances that are chemically related to testosterone, in the form of injections, skin patches, creams or pills. These steroids can stimulate muscle building.

Thyroxine is a derivative of amino acid. Thyroid hormones (THs) -- thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) -- are iodinated derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine, which regulates growth, development and critical metabolic functions. THs are taken up by target cells and act at the genomic level via nuclear thyroid receptors. Saturable transport mechanisms mediate the greater part of TH movement across the plasma membrane.

One insulin molecule contains two peptide chains, joined by three persulphide bonds. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high or too low.