World Philosophical Traditions

Madhva's philosophy is based on the idea that there are two ultimate realities: Brahman, the Supreme Being, and jiva, the individual soul. Vishnu is the Supreme Being, the creator and sustainer of the universe, and the protector of dharma, or righteous conduct.

The Upanishads are a commentary on the Vedas, a collection of philosophical texts, and the source of all knowledge.

The Brahma Sutras are a commentary on the Upanishads, a collection of philosophical texts, and the source of all knowledge.

According to Jainism, the soul is eternal and unchanging. It is not created by God, nor is it a product of the mind. The soul is an individual entity that exists independently of the body.

Anekantavada is the Jain concept of multiple perspectives. It is the belief that there are many different ways of looking at the world, and that no one perspective is complete or absolute. Anekantavada is based on the idea that the world is complex and multifaceted, and that it cannot be fully understood from a single point of view.

Syadvada is the Jain concept of conditional predication. It is the belief that all statements are true and false at the same time, depending on the context in which they are made. Syadvada is based on the idea that the world is complex and multifaceted, and that it cannot be fully described by a single statement.

Samsara is the Jain concept of the cycle of rebirth. It is the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth that all living beings are trapped in. Samsara is caused by karma, the law of cause and effect. Every action, whether good or bad, has a corresponding reaction. These reactions can be experienced in this life or in future lives. The goal of Jainism is to achieve moksa, or liberation from samsara.

In the Upanishads, 'Brahman' is the fundamental principle of the universe, representing the ultimate reality or universal consciousness from which all existence originates.

In the Upanishads, 'Atman' represents the individual soul, the essential self or inner essence of a living being.

In the Upanishads, the 'Sun' is often used as a symbol to represent the source of life, energy, and consciousness in the universe.

In the Upanishads, the 'Cosmic Egg' is often used as a symbol to represent the origin of the universe, the primordial state from which all creation emerged.

The Advaita Vedanta school teaches that Brahman and Atman are identical, meaning that the individual soul (Atman) is not separate from the ultimate reality (Brahman).

The Dvaita Vedanta school teaches that Brahman and Atman are different, meaning that the individual soul (Atman) is separate from the ultimate reality (Brahman).

The Vishishtadvaita Vedanta school teaches that Brahman and Atman are both real but distinct, meaning that the individual soul (Atman) is a part of the ultimate reality (Brahman) but is not identical to it.

The theory of samsara states that suffering is caused by attachment to the material world, ignorance of the true nature of reality, and the actions of others.