World Leaders and Politicians

Oliver Sheldon distinguished between administration and management, placing administration above management in the organizational hierarchy. He viewed administration as concerned with policy-making and broader organizational objectives, while management focused on execution. E.F.L. Breach (B) and Henry Fayol (C) had different views on the administration-management relationship, and Koontz (D) is known for management process approach.

Charles Taylor was the President of Liberia from 1997 to 2003. He was later tried and convicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone for war crimes and crimes against humanity, specifically for his role in the Sierra Leone Civil War.

George H.W. Bush was the 41st President of the United States and served during the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991), which was triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.

 Polish President died along with 130 others in plane crashed in Russia

He is the newly elected 40^th President of Colombia in June 2010 elections

 She was the current U.S Secretary of State, who assumed office on January 21, 2009

 The former US Lawmaker died of esophageal cancer, at the George Washington University on 29 Nov 2010 at the age of 70.

Mr. David Cameron visited China, and brought the largest ever trade delegation from Britain on 9th Nov 2010.

George Washington was called 'The Cincinnatus of the Americans' because, like the Roman leader Cincinnatus, he resigned his military commission and returned to his farm after the Revolutionary War, and later voluntarily left the presidency.

Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party, adopted the title 'Führer' (meaning 'Leader') to signify his absolute authority over Germany. Mussolini was known as 'Il Duce', and Bismarck was the 'Iron Chancellor'.

Otto von Bismarck, the first Chancellor of the German Empire, was nicknamed the Man of Blood and Iron. This title comes from a famous speech he gave in 1862 regarding the unification of Germany through military power rather than speeches and resolutions. Hitler and Mussolini were later dictators but are not associated with this specific 19th-century moniker.

George W. Bush served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He followed Bill Clinton, who was the 42nd President, and preceded Barack Obama, the 44th.

Thabo Mbeki served as the second President of South Africa from 1999 to 2008, succeeding Nelson Mandela. This question reflects the political leadership at the time the exam was likely written (circa 2004).

Ricardo Lagos Escobar served as the President of Chile from 2000 to 2006. He was a prominent figure in the Socialist Party and the Concertacion coalition.

Ronald Reagan was a professional Hollywood actor before his political career and appeared in numerous advertisements for Van Heusen shirts during the 1940s and 1950s. This makes him the first U.S. President to have modeled for the brand.