World History

This is the correct answer. The North was under Austrian Habsburgs before the unification of Italy and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio, Corsica in 1769, making the island his birthplace and ancestral home. Corsica became part of France the year before his birth. Mussolini was Italian, Hitler German, and Churchill British.

 With the fall of Bastille  the French Revolution began

The Battle of Wandiwash (1760) was the decisive battle in the Carnatic Wars where the British under Sir Eyre Coote defeated the French under Comte de Lally, ending French colonial ambitions in India.

The middle class emerged as a new social group positioned between the nobility/upper class and the common people/lower class. This group typically included merchants, traders, and skilled professionals who gained economic power but weren't born into nobility.

Portuguese (1498); Dutch (1602); English (1599); French (1664)

Historical records confirm only 7 prisoners were in the Bastille when stormed on July 14, 1789: 4 forgers, 2 people held for lunacy, and 1 nobleman. The surprisingly small number disappointed the revolutionaries who expected many political prisoners.

Louis XVI ascended the throne of France in 1774 at the age of 20, inheriting a deeply indebted treasury. His reign culminated in the French Revolution and his execution by guillotine in 1793.

Britain was the common enemy that both the American colonies and France opposed during the Revolutionary War (1775-1783). France allied with the colonies against Britain, providing crucial military and financial support that helped secure American independence.

Long years of war drained France's treasury, including the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) and France's support for the American Revolution. These conflicts cost billions and left Louis XVI inheriting an empty treasury and massive debt burden.

The Third Estate (commoners - peasants, workers, bourgeoisie) paid almost all taxes in pre-revolutionary France. The First Estate (clergy) and Second Estate (nobility) were largely exempt from taxation, creating severe inequality.

French society was divided into three estates under the Ancien Régime: First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), and Third Estate (commoners). This structure determined political power and tax obligations.

The Second Estate consisted of the nobility in French society. The First Estate was the clergy, while the Third Estate comprised commoners including peasants, merchants, and artisans.

Peasants constituted approximately 90% of France's population in 1789. They were part of the Third Estate and bore the heavy burden of taxation.

Louis XIV of France famously declared 'L'État, c'est moi' (I am the state), embodying the principle of absolute monarchy where the ruler's will was law. He ruled for 72 years and centralized all power in himself. Louis XVI was overthrown in the French Revolution, Napoleon was a military emperor, and Caesar was ancient Roman.