World Facts and Geography

Mongolia is a landlocked, mountainous country situated between Russia and China. Ulaanbaatar is its capital.

The Meiji Restoration, beginning in 1868, marked a period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan. The government adopted Western technology and political structures to transform Japan into a major industrial and military power by the turn of the century.

During the age of New Imperialism, the primary drivers of colonial expansion were industrialized nations. Europe, the United States, and Japan were the leading powers that sought to acquire territories for resources, markets, and strategic influence.

Africa and Asia were the primary targets for European imperialist expansion during the 19th century. The Scramble for Africa and the colonization of Asian territories were driven by the desire for raw materials and new markets.

During the Meiji Restoration, Japan sent missions to various Western countries to study their systems. They modeled their education system largely after the United States, emphasizing public education and technical training.

The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) resulted in a decisive Japanese victory. As a result, Japan gained control over Korea and established a dominant influence in Manchuria.

Historically, Britain held the largest colonial empire in Africa, spanning from Egypt in the north to South Africa in the south.

Ethiopia successfully defended its independence against Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa in 1896, remaining one of the few African nations to avoid European colonization.

King Leopold II's acquisition of the Congo sparked the scramble, as other European nations rushed to claim territory to prevent falling behind.

Japan lacked natural resources and pursued an imperialist foreign policy to acquire them. This expansion included the annexation of Korea in 1910 and the invasion of China, making all of the listed actions correct.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was the founding father and first president of the Republic of Turkey, leading a series of progressive reforms to modernize and secularize the nation after the fall of the Ottoman Empire.

The Weimar Republic was the democratic government founded in Germany in 1919 following the end of World War I. It lasted until the rise of the Nazi regime in 1933. Other nations like France, Russia, and Italy had different government structures during this interwar period.

Panama was originally a province of Colombia. When the Colombian Senate rejected the treaty allowing the United States to build a canal across the isthmus, the US supported Panamanian rebels in declaring independence. Consequently, Colombia lost control of the region, and the newly independent nation of Panama signed the canal treaty with the US.

During the late 19th-century export boom, Latin America became integrated into the global economy primarily as an exporter of agricultural goods and industrial raw materials like beef, coffee, and grains. While gold was a major export during the early Spanish colonial era, it was not one of the dominant bulk commodities driving the region's late 19th-century trade with the West.

Haiti declared its independence from France in 1804 following a successful slave revolt led by Toussaint Louverture and others. This made Haiti the second independent nation in the Americas, following the United States in 1776.