The passage is primarily an attempt to

PASSAGE – III

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Why do we divide a minute into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, while there are only 24 hours in a day? Currently, the most prevalent numeral system is decimal (base 10), which possibly originated as it enabled easier counting with fingers. The civilizations that first split the day into smaller parts, nevertheless, used different numeral systems, notably duodecimal (base 12) and sexagesimal (base 60).

Most historians opine that the Egyptians were the first to divide the day into smaller parts. The first of the sundials they created were just stakes placed on the ground that indicated time by the length and direction of the resulting shadow. By 15th century B.C., they had developed a more advanced sundial. Without artificial light, humans at that time considered sunlit and dark periods to be two opposing realms. When sundials were used first, however, the Egyptians also first observed a group of 36 stars which divided the circle of the heavens. The clepsydra i.e. water clock, was also used to record time at night, and was perhaps the most accurate timekeeping device of its times.
Later the concept of a 24-hour day arose. The concept of fixed-length hours, however, originated in the Hellenistic period. Hipparchus proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. Despite this suggestion, laypeople continued to use seasonally varying hours.

Hipparchus and other Greek scientists used astronomical techniques developed by the Babylonians. They made calculations in the sexagesimal (base 60) system. Although we do not know why 60 was chosen, it is convenient for expressing fractions, since it is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers and also by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30.

The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes used a sexagesimal system to divide a circle into 60 parts. Abou 100 years later, Hipparchus normalized the lines of latitude and also invented a system of longitude lines that encompassed 360 degrees. In his treatise Almagest, Ptolemy expanded Hipparchus' work by subdividing each of the 360 degrees of latitude and longitude. Each degree was divided into 60 parts, each subdivided into 60 parts. The first division, partes minutae primae, or first minute, became known as the "minute." The second segmentation, partes minutae secundae, or "second minute," became known as the second.

Why does the author believe that the punishment follows for the violation of the law and not for moral transgression?

PASSAGE – II

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

There can be no sane discussion of "crime" and "criminals" without an investigation of the meaning of the words. A large majority of men, even among the educated, speak of a "criminal" as if the word had a clearly defined meaning. As a matter of fact, there is no such division, and from the nature of things, there never can be such a line.

Strictly speaking, a crime is an act forbidden by the law of the land, and one which is considered sufficiently serious to warrant providing penalties for its commission. It does not necessarily follow that this act is either good or bad; the punishment follows for the violation of the law and not necessarily for any moral transgression. No doubt most of the things forbidden by the penal code are such as are injurious to the organized society of the time and place, and are usually of such a character as for a long period of time, and in most countries, have been classed as criminal. But even then it does not always follow that the violator of the law is not a person of higher type than the majority who are directly and indirectly responsible for the law.

It is apparent that a thing is not necessarily bad because it is forbidden by the law. Legislators are forever repealing and abolishing criminal statutes, and organized society is constantly ignoring laws, until they fall into disuse and die. The laws against witchcraft, the long line of "blue laws," the laws affecting religious beliefs and many social customs, are well-known examples of legal and innocent acts which legislatures and courts had once made criminal. Not only are criminal statutes always dying by repeal or repeated violation, but every time a legislature meets, it changes penalties for existing crimes and makes criminal certain acts that were not forbidden before.

Which of the following is most correct in the context of the above passage?

PASSAGE – I

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Autism has a strong genetic component: With one identical twin autistic, the other has a 70 percent chance of having it, a risk 10 times that of fraternal twins. Yet great, unsuccessful effort has been spent looking for its genetics. To Wigler, the key lies in spontaneous mutations — novel alterations in the parental germ line of the offspring. Last year he formed a controversial theory for it. It suggests that females, who develop autism with a 1/ 4th frequency with which males do, may carry the genetic profile for it.

Wigler attributes the failure of conventional studies to their studies on families with more than one autistic child to search for differences in one genetic base. These differences could be any alteration in a base called SNPs.  Uncovering SNPs shared by affected people would uncover high-risk people. The problem is locating the same target: they have implicated loci on 20 of the 23 human chromosomal pairs.

In his first autistic research, Wigler, with Sebat, tried to determine the role of spontaneous mutations, called copy number variations. Before human genome sequencing, researchers thought an individual always had two copies of a gene. In 2004, the team showed that even in healthy individuals, they could go missing from (or be added to) the genome via genetic rearrangements.  Studies on families with only one autistic member showed that up to 10 percent of non-inherited autism cases could be caused by these rearrangements. They found that the structural events were primarily deletions, leaving individuals with only one copy of a particular gene and leading, sometimes, to its functional disruption.

Later, Wigler unveiled a unified genetic theory, which he cobbled together by examining families with multiple autistic individuals and incorporating both hereditary and spontaneous events. Focusing on families with the first two children affected, he found that third-born male children have a 50 percent risk of acquiring the disorder, whereas the risk for third-born girls is closer to 20 percent. From there, Wigler developed a two-tiered hypothesis: The majority fall into the low-risk category, having spontaneous mutation. Contrarily, high-risk families — 25 percent of all, manifest the disease when an unaffected individual, mostly female, carries a sporadic mutation. In case of a male, the chances are roughly half.

The passage helps us answer which of the following questions?1. What was the reason behind choosing 60 as the basis of astronomical calculations?2. When did the use of minute start among the general populace?3. Did the Greeks build on others' work in timekeeping devices?4. What was the reason that the Egyptians started developing timekeeping devices?

Choose your answer from the following options.

PASSAGE – III

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Why do we divide a minute into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, while there are only 24 hours in a day? Currently, the most prevalent numeral system is decimal (base 10), which possibly originated as it enabled easier counting with fingers. The civilizations that first split the day into smaller parts, nevertheless, used different numeral systems, notably duodecimal (base 12) and sexagesimal (base 60).

Most historians opine that the Egyptians were the first to divide the day into smaller parts. The first of the sundials they created were just stakes placed on the ground that indicated time by the length and direction of the resulting shadow. By 15th century B.C., they had developed a more advanced sundial. Without artificial light, humans at that time considered sunlit and dark periods to be two opposing realms. When sundials were used first, however, the Egyptians also first observed a group of 36 stars which divided the circle of the heavens. The clepsydra i.e. water clock, was also used to record time at night, and was perhaps the most accurate timekeeping device of its times.
Later the concept of a 24-hour day arose. The concept of fixed-length hours, however, originated in the Hellenistic period. Hipparchus proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. Despite this suggestion, laypeople continued to use seasonally varying hours.

Hipparchus and other Greek scientists used astronomical techniques developed by the Babylonians. They made calculations in the sexagesimal (base 60) system. Although we do not know why 60 was chosen, it is convenient for expressing fractions, since it is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers and also by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30.

The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes used a sexagesimal system to divide a circle into 60 parts. Abou 100 years later, Hipparchus normalized the lines of latitude and also invented a system of longitude lines that encompassed 360 degrees. In his treatise Almagest, Ptolemy expanded Hipparchus' work by subdividing each of the 360 degrees of latitude and longitude. Each degree was divided into 60 parts, each subdivided into 60 parts. The first division, partes minutae primae, or first minute, became known as the "minute." The second segmentation, partes minutae secundae, or "second minute," became known as the second.

What is the central idea of the passage?

PASSAGE – II

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

There can be no sane discussion of "crime" and "criminals" without an investigation of the meaning of the words. A large majority of men, even among the educated, speak of a "criminal" as if the word had a clearly defined meaning. As a matter of fact, there is no such division, and from the nature of things, there never can be such a line.

Strictly speaking, a crime is an act forbidden by the law of the land, and one which is considered sufficiently serious to warrant providing penalties for its commission. It does not necessarily follow that this act is either good or bad; the punishment follows for the violation of the law and not necessarily for any moral transgression. No doubt most of the things forbidden by the penal code are such as are injurious to the organized society of the time and place, and are usually of such a character as for a long period of time, and in most countries, have been classed as criminal. But even then it does not always follow that the violator of the law is not a person of higher type than the majority who are directly and indirectly responsible for the law.

It is apparent that a thing is not necessarily bad because it is forbidden by the law. Legislators are forever repealing and abolishing criminal statutes, and organized society is constantly ignoring laws, until they fall into disuse and die. The laws against witchcraft, the long line of "blue laws," the laws affecting religious beliefs and many social customs, are well-known examples of legal and innocent acts which legislatures and courts had once made criminal. Not only are criminal statutes always dying by repeal or repeated violation, but every time a legislature meets, it changes penalties for existing crimes and makes criminal certain acts that were not forbidden before.

The style of the passage cannot be faulted on all of the following grounds except

1. It does not exemplify the ideas presented.
2. It is full of too many details.
3. It is littered with jargon.

   PASSAGE – IV

   The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage

   It is evident that, in what is called the evolution of animal forms, the foot came in suddenly when the backboned creatures began to live on the dry land--that is, with the frogs. How it came in is a question which still puzzles the phylogenists, who cannot find a sure pedigree for the frog. There it is, anyhow, and the remarkable point about it is that the foot of a frog is not a rudimentary thing, but an authentic standard foot, like the yard measure kept in the Tower of London, of which all other feet are copies or adaptations. This instrument, as part of the original outfit given to the pioneers of the brainy, backboned, and four-limbed races, when they were sent out to multiply and replenish the earth, is surely worth considering well. It consists essentially of a sole, or palm, made up of small bones and of five separate digits, each with several joints.

   In the hind foot of a frog the toes are very long and webbed from point to point. In this it differs a good deal from the toad, and there is significance in the difference. The "heavy-gaited toad," satisfied with sour ants, hard beetles, and such other fare as it can easily pick up, and grown nasty in consequence, so that nothing seeks to eat it, has hobbled through life, like a plethoric old gentleman, until the present day, on its original feet. The more versatile and nimble-witted frog, seeking better diet and greater security of life, went back to the element in which it was bred, and, swimming much, became better fitted for swimming. The soft elastic skin between the fingers or toes is just the sort of tissue which responds most readily to inward impulses, and we find that the very same change has come about in those birds and beasts which live much in water. I know that this is not the accepted theory of evolution, but I am waiting till it shall become so. We all develop in the direction of our tendencies, and shall, I doubt not, be wise enough some day to give animals leave to do the same.

   When we pass from reptiles to birds, lo! an astounding thing has happened. That there were flying reptiles in the fossil ages we know, and there are flying beasts in our own. But the wings of these are simple mechanical alterations, which the imagination of a child, or a savage, could explain. The hands of a bat are hands still, and, though the fingers are hampered by their awkward gloves, the thumbs are free. The giant fruit bats of the tropics clamber about the trees quite acrobatically with their thumbs and feet. Here is a whole sub-kingdom, as they call it, of the animal world which has unreservedly and irrevocably bartered one pair of its limbs for a flying-machine. The apparatus is made of feathers--a new invention, unknown to amphibian or saurian, whence obtained nobody can say—and these are grafted into the transformed frame of the old limbs. The bargain was worth making, for the winged bird at once soared away in all senses from the creeping things of earth, and became a more ethereal being. But the price was heavy. The bird must get through life with one pair of feet and its mouth.

   And let us note that the art of standing began with birds. Frogs sit, and, as far as I know, every reptile, be it lizard, crocodile, alligator, or tortoise, lays its body on the ground when not actually carrying it. And these have each four fat legs. Contrast the flamingo, which, having only two, and those like willow wands, tucks up one of them and sleeps poised high on the other, like a tulip on its stem. Note also that one toe has been altogether discarded by birds as superfluous. The germ, or bud, must be there, for the Dorking fowl has produced a fifth toe under some influence of the poultry-yard, but no natural bird has more than four. Except in swifts, which never perch, but cling to rocks and walls, one is turned backwards, and, by a cunning contrivance, the act of bending the leg draws them all automatically together. So a hen closes its toes at every step it takes, as if it grasped something, and, of course, when it settles down on its roost, they grasp that tight and hold it fast till morning. But to birds that do not perch this mechanism is only an encumbrance, so many of them, like the plovers, abolish the hind toe entirely, and the prince of all two-legged runners, the ostrich, has got rid of one of the front toes also, retaining only two.

In terms of its nature, the passage could be characterized as which of the following?

PASSAGE – III

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Why do we divide a minute into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, while there are only 24 hours in a day? Currently, the most prevalent numeral system is decimal (base 10), which possibly originated as it enabled easier counting with fingers. The civilizations that first split the day into smaller parts, nevertheless, used different numeral systems, notably duodecimal (base 12) and sexagesimal (base 60).

Most historians opine that the Egyptians were the first to divide the day into smaller parts. The first of the sundials they created were just stakes placed on the ground that indicated time by the length and direction of the resulting shadow. By 15th century B.C., they had developed a more advanced sundial. Without artificial light, humans at that time considered sunlit and dark periods to be two opposing realms. When sundials were used first, however, the Egyptians also first observed a group of 36 stars which divided the circle of the heavens. The clepsydra i.e. water clock, was also used to record time at night, and was perhaps the most accurate timekeeping device of its times.
Later the concept of a 24-hour day arose. The concept of fixed-length hours, however, originated in the Hellenistic period. Hipparchus proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. Despite this suggestion, laypeople continued to use seasonally varying hours.

Hipparchus and other Greek scientists used astronomical techniques developed by the Babylonians. They made calculations in the sexagesimal (base 60) system. Although we do not know why 60 was chosen, it is convenient for expressing fractions, since it is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers and also by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30.

The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes used a sexagesimal system to divide a circle into 60 parts. Abou 100 years later, Hipparchus normalized the lines of latitude and also invented a system of longitude lines that encompassed 360 degrees. In his treatise Almagest, Ptolemy expanded Hipparchus' work by subdividing each of the 360 degrees of latitude and longitude. Each degree was divided into 60 parts, each subdivided into 60 parts. The first division, partes minutae primae, or first minute, became known as the "minute." The second segmentation, partes minutae secundae, or "second minute," became known as the second.

In the above passage, the author basically discusses

PASSAGE – IV

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage

It is evident that, in what is called the evolution of animal forms, the foot came in suddenly when the backboned creatures began to live on the dry land--that is, with the frogs. How it came in is a question which still puzzles the phylogenists, who cannot find a sure pedigree for the frog. There it is, anyhow, and the remarkable point about it is that the foot of a frog is not a rudimentary thing, but an authentic standard foot, like the yard measure kept in the Tower of London, of which all other feet are copies or adaptations. This instrument, as part of the original outfit given to the pioneers of the brainy, backboned, and four-limbed races, when they were sent out to multiply and replenish the earth, is surely worth considering well. It consists essentially of a sole, or palm, made up of small bones and of five separate digits, each with several joints.

In the hind foot of a frog the toes are very long and webbed from point to point. In this it differs a good deal from the toad, and there is significance in the difference. The "heavy-gaited toad," satisfied with sour ants, hard beetles, and such other fare as it can easily pick up, and grown nasty in consequence, so that nothing seeks to eat it, has hobbled through life, like a plethoric old gentleman, until the present day, on its original feet. The more versatile and nimble-witted frog, seeking better diet and greater security of life, went back to the element in which it was bred, and, swimming much, became better fitted for swimming. The soft elastic skin between the fingers or toes is just the sort of tissue which responds most readily to inward impulses, and we find that the very same change has come about in those birds and beasts which live much in water. I know that this is not the accepted theory of evolution, but I am waiting till it shall become so. We all develop in the direction of our tendencies, and shall, I doubt not, be wise enough some day to give animals leave to do the same.

When we pass from reptiles to birds, lo! an astounding thing has happened. That there were flying reptiles in the fossil ages we know, and there are flying beasts in our own. But the wings of these are simple mechanical alterations, which the imagination of a child, or a savage, could explain. The hands of a bat are hands still, and, though the fingers are hampered by their awkward gloves, the thumbs are free. The giant fruit bats of the tropics clamber about the trees quite acrobatically with their thumbs and feet. Here is a whole sub-kingdom, as they call it, of the animal world which has unreservedly and irrevocably bartered one pair of its limbs for a flying-machine. The apparatus is made of feathers--a new invention, unknown to amphibian or saurian, whence obtained nobody can say—and these are grafted into the transformed frame of the old limbs. The bargain was worth making, for the winged bird at once soared away in all senses from the creeping things of earth, and became a more ethereal being. But the price was heavy. The bird must get through life with one pair of feet and its mouth.

And let us note that the art of standing began with birds. Frogs sit, and, as far as I know, every reptile, be it lizard, crocodile, alligator, or tortoise, lays its body on the ground when not actually carrying it. And these have each four fat legs. Contrast the flamingo, which, having only two, and those like willow wands, tucks up one of them and sleeps poised high on the other, like a tulip on its stem. Note also that one toe has been altogether discarded by birds as superfluous. The germ, or bud, must be there, for the Dorking fowl has produced a fifth toe under some influence of the poultry-yard, but no natural bird has more than four. Except in swifts, which never perch, but cling to rocks and walls, one is turned backwards, and, by a cunning contrivance, the act of bending the leg draws them all automatically together. So a hen closes its toes at every step it takes, as if it grasped something, and, of course, when it settles down on its roost, they grasp that tight and hold it fast till morning. But to birds that do not perch this mechanism is only an encumbrance, so many of them, like the plovers, abolish the hind toe entirely, and the prince of all two-legged runners, the ostrich, has got rid of one of the front toes also, retaining only two.

Which of the following would be unjustified in the context of the above passage?

PASSAGE – III

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Why do we divide a minute into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, while there are only 24 hours in a day? Currently, the most prevalent numeral system is decimal (base 10), which possibly originated as it enabled easier counting with fingers. The civilizations that first split the day into smaller parts, nevertheless, used different numeral systems, notably duodecimal (base 12) and sexagesimal (base 60).

Most historians opine that the Egyptians were the first to divide the day into smaller parts. The first of the sundials they created were just stakes placed on the ground that indicated time by the length and direction of the resulting shadow. By 15th century B.C., they had developed a more advanced sundial. Without artificial light, humans at that time considered sunlit and dark periods to be two opposing realms. When sundials were used first, however, the Egyptians also first observed a group of 36 stars which divided the circle of the heavens. The clepsydra i.e. water clock, was also used to record time at night, and was perhaps the most accurate timekeeping device of its times.
Later the concept of a 24-hour day arose. The concept of fixed-length hours, however, originated in the Hellenistic period. Hipparchus proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. Despite this suggestion, laypeople continued to use seasonally varying hours.

Hipparchus and other Greek scientists used astronomical techniques developed by the Babylonians. They made calculations in the sexagesimal (base 60) system. Although we do not know why 60 was chosen, it is convenient for expressing fractions, since it is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers and also by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30.

The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes used a sexagesimal system to divide a circle into 60 parts. Abou 100 years later, Hipparchus normalized the lines of latitude and also invented a system of longitude lines that encompassed 360 degrees. In his treatise Almagest, Ptolemy expanded Hipparchus' work by subdividing each of the 360 degrees of latitude and longitude. Each degree was divided into 60 parts, each subdivided into 60 parts. The first division, partes minutae primae, or first minute, became known as the "minute." The second segmentation, partes minutae secundae, or "second minute," became known as the second.

Which of the following inferences cannot be drawn from the above selection?

1. The author's idea about the development of soft tissue on the feet of birds is open to question.
2. The toad is rarely eaten, if at all, by predators.
3. The frog's original home, at the time of birth, was the water bodies.

   PASSAGE – IV

   The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage

   It is evident that, in what is called the evolution of animal forms, the foot came in suddenly when the backboned creatures began to live on the dry land--that is, with the frogs. How it came in is a question which still puzzles the phylogenists, who cannot find a sure pedigree for the frog. There it is, anyhow, and the remarkable point about it is that the foot of a frog is not a rudimentary thing, but an authentic standard foot, like the yard measure kept in the Tower of London, of which all other feet are copies or adaptations. This instrument, as part of the original outfit given to the pioneers of the brainy, backboned, and four-limbed races, when they were sent out to multiply and replenish the earth, is surely worth considering well. It consists essentially of a sole, or palm, made up of small bones and of five separate digits, each with several joints.

   In the hind foot of a frog the toes are very long and webbed from point to point. In this it differs a good deal from the toad, and there is significance in the difference. The "heavy-gaited toad," satisfied with sour ants, hard beetles, and such other fare as it can easily pick up, and grown nasty in consequence, so that nothing seeks to eat it, has hobbled through life, like a plethoric old gentleman, until the present day, on its original feet. The more versatile and nimble-witted frog, seeking better diet and greater security of life, went back to the element in which it was bred, and, swimming much, became better fitted for swimming. The soft elastic skin between the fingers or toes is just the sort of tissue which responds most readily to inward impulses, and we find that the very same change has come about in those birds and beasts which live much in water. I know that this is not the accepted theory of evolution, but I am waiting till it shall become so. We all develop in the direction of our tendencies, and shall, I doubt not, be wise enough some day to give animals leave to do the same.

   When we pass from reptiles to birds, lo! an astounding thing has happened. That there were flying reptiles in the fossil ages we know, and there are flying beasts in our own. But the wings of these are simple mechanical alterations, which the imagination of a child, or a savage, could explain. The hands of a bat are hands still, and, though the fingers are hampered by their awkward gloves, the thumbs are free. The giant fruit bats of the tropics clamber about the trees quite acrobatically with their thumbs and feet. Here is a whole sub-kingdom, as they call it, of the animal world which has unreservedly and irrevocably bartered one pair of its limbs for a flying-machine. The apparatus is made of feathers--a new invention, unknown to amphibian or saurian, whence obtained nobody can say—and these are grafted into the transformed frame of the old limbs. The bargain was worth making, for the winged bird at once soared away in all senses from the creeping things of earth, and became a more ethereal being. But the price was heavy. The bird must get through life with one pair of feet and its mouth.

   And let us note that the art of standing began with birds. Frogs sit, and, as far as I know, every reptile, be it lizard, crocodile, alligator, or tortoise, lays its body on the ground when not actually carrying it. And these have each four fat legs. Contrast the flamingo, which, having only two, and those like willow wands, tucks up one of them and sleeps poised high on the other, like a tulip on its stem. Note also that one toe has been altogether discarded by birds as superfluous. The germ, or bud, must be there, for the Dorking fowl has produced a fifth toe under some influence of the poultry-yard, but no natural bird has more than four. Except in swifts, which never perch, but cling to rocks and walls, one is turned backwards, and, by a cunning contrivance, the act of bending the leg draws them all automatically together. So a hen closes its toes at every step it takes, as if it grasped something, and, of course, when it settles down on its roost, they grasp that tight and hold it fast till morning. But to birds that do not perch this mechanism is only an encumbrance, so many of them, like the plovers, abolish the hind toe entirely, and the prince of all two-legged runners, the ostrich, has got rid of one of the front toes also, retaining only two.

According to you, the passage is sourced from

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question based on the passage.

PASSAGE – II:

Passing over some doubtful remains of Silurian age, we find in rocks usually regarded as Devonian the most ancient fossils that can be certainly referred to the insects, while from beds of the succeeding Carboniferous period, a number of insect remains have been disinterred. These Paleozoic insects were frequently of large size, and they show distinct affinities with our recent may-flies, dragon-flies, stone-flies, and cockroaches. In the Permian period, the latest of the divisions of the Paleozoic, lived Eugereon, an insect with hemipteroid jaws and orthopteroid wings.

All these insects must have been exopterygote in their life-history, if we may trust the indications of affinity furnished by their structure. In the Mesozoic period, however, insects with complete transformations must have been fairly abundant. Rocks of Triassic age have yielded beetles and lacewing-flies, while from among Jurassic fossils specimens have been described as representing most of our existing orders, including Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. In Cenozoic rock fossils insects of nearly six thousand species have been found, which are easily referable to existing families and often to existing genera. We may conclude then, imperfect though our knowledge of extinct insects is, that some of the most complex of insect life-stories were being worked out before the dawn of the Cenozoic era. Some instructive hints as to differences in the rate of change among different insect groups may be drawn from the study of parasites. For example, V.L. Kellogg points out that an identical species of the Mallophaga (Bird-lice) infests an Australian Cassowary and two of the South American Rheas; while two species of the same genus (Lipeurus) are common to the African Ostrich and a third kind of South American Rhea. These parasites must have been inherited unchanged by the various members of these three families of flightless birds from their common ancestors that is from early Cenozoic times at latest. On the other hand, the various kinds of such highly specialized parasites as the warble-flies of the oxen and deer must have become differentiated during those later stages of the Cenozoic period which witnessed the evolution of their respective mammalian hosts.

' Rocks of Triassic age have yielded beetles and lacewing-flies ', implies:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question based on the passage.

PASSAGE – II:

Passing over some doubtful remains of Silurian age, we find in rocks usually regarded as Devonian the most ancient fossils that can be certainly referred to the insects, while from beds of the succeeding Carboniferous period, a number of insect remains have been disinterred. These Paleozoic insects were frequently of large size, and they show distinct affinities with our recent may-flies, dragon-flies, stone-flies, and cockroaches. In the Permian period, the latest of the divisions of the Paleozoic, lived Eugereon, an insect with hemipteroid jaws and orthopteroid wings.

All these insects must have been exopterygote in their life-history, if we may trust the indications of affinity furnished by their structure. In the Mesozoic period, however, insects with complete transformations must have been fairly abundant. Rocks of Triassic age have yielded beetles and lacewing-flies, while from among Jurassic fossils specimens have been described as representing most of our existing orders, including Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. In Cenozoic rock fossils insects of nearly six thousand species have been found, which are easily referable to existing families and often to existing genera. We may conclude then, imperfect though our knowledge of extinct insects is, that some of the most complex of insect life-stories were being worked out before the dawn of the Cenozoic era. Some instructive hints as to differences in the rate of change among different insect groups may be drawn from the study of parasites. For example, V.L. Kellogg points out that an identical species of the Mallophaga (Bird-lice) infests an Australian Cassowary and two of the South American Rheas; while two species of the same genus (Lipeurus) are common to the African Ostrich and a third kind of South American Rhea. These parasites must have been inherited unchanged by the various members of these three families of flightless birds from their common ancestors that is from early Cenozoic times at latest. On the other hand, the various kinds of such highly specialized parasites as the warble-flies of the oxen and deer must have become differentiated during those later stages of the Cenozoic period which witnessed the evolution of their respective mammalian hosts.

Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question based on the passage.

PASSAGE – II:

Passing over some doubtful remains of Silurian age, we find in rocks usually regarded as Devonian the most ancient fossils that can be certainly referred to the insects, while from beds of the succeeding Carboniferous period, a number of insect remains have been disinterred. These Paleozoic insects were frequently of large size, and they show distinct affinities with our recent may-flies, dragon-flies, stone-flies, and cockroaches. In the Permian period, the latest of the divisions of the Paleozoic, lived Eugereon, an insect with hemipteroid jaws and orthopteroid wings.

All these insects must have been exopterygote in their life-history, if we may trust the indications of affinity furnished by their structure. In the Mesozoic period, however, insects with complete transformations must have been fairly abundant. Rocks of Triassic age have yielded beetles and lacewing-flies, while from among Jurassic fossils specimens have been described as representing most of our existing orders, including Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. In Cenozoic rock fossils insects of nearly six thousand species have been found, which are easily referable to existing families and often to existing genera. We may conclude then, imperfect though our knowledge of extinct insects is, that some of the most complex of insect life-stories were being worked out before the dawn of the Cenozoic era. Some instructive hints as to differences in the rate of change among different insect groups may be drawn from the study of parasites. For example, V.L. Kellogg points out that an identical species of the Mallophaga (Bird-lice) infests an Australian Cassowary and two of the South American Rheas; while two species of the same genus (Lipeurus) are common to the African Ostrich and a third kind of South American Rhea. These parasites must have been inherited unchanged by the various members of these three families of flightless birds from their common ancestors that is from early Cenozoic times at latest. On the other hand, the various kinds of such highly specialized parasites as the warble-flies of the oxen and deer must have become differentiated during those later stages of the Cenozoic period which witnessed the evolution of their respective mammalian hosts.

What is the central idea of the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question based on the passage.

PASSAGE – II:

Passing over some doubtful remains of Silurian age, we find in rocks usually regarded as Devonian the most ancient fossils that can be certainly referred to the insects, while from beds of the succeeding Carboniferous period, a number of insect remains have been disinterred. These Paleozoic insects were frequently of large size, and they show distinct affinities with our recent may-flies, dragon-flies, stone-flies, and cockroaches. In the Permian period, the latest of the divisions of the Paleozoic, lived Eugereon, an insect with hemipteroid jaws and orthopteroid wings.

All these insects must have been exopterygote in their life-history, if we may trust the indications of affinity furnished by their structure. In the Mesozoic period, however, insects with complete transformations must have been fairly abundant. Rocks of Triassic age have yielded beetles and lacewing-flies, while from among Jurassic fossils specimens have been described as representing most of our existing orders, including Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. In Cenozoic rock fossils insects of nearly six thousand species have been found, which are easily referable to existing families and often to existing genera. We may conclude then, imperfect though our knowledge of extinct insects is, that some of the most complex of insect life-stories were being worked out before the dawn of the Cenozoic era. Some instructive hints as to differences in the rate of change among different insect groups may be drawn from the study of parasites. For example, V.L. Kellogg points out that an identical species of the Mallophaga (Bird-lice) infests an Australian Cassowary and two of the South American Rheas; while two species of the same genus (Lipeurus) are common to the African Ostrich and a third kind of South American Rhea. These parasites must have been inherited unchanged by the various members of these three families of flightless birds from their common ancestors that is from early Cenozoic times at latest. On the other hand, the various kinds of such highly specialized parasites as the warble-flies of the oxen and deer must have become differentiated during those later stages of the Cenozoic period which witnessed the evolution of their respective mammalian hosts.

Which of the following statements can be derived from the passage? I. Insects that go through a complete transformation in their life-cycle are more specialized than the ones that undergo lesser change. II. Scientists have deduced some facts regarding the evolutionary changes of insects from the study of parasites. III. Highly complex insects evolved only long after the Cenozoic era. IV. Species of insects highly representative of the existing generation is found in the fossils of the Jurassic era.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question based on the passage.

PASSAGE – II:

Passing over some doubtful remains of Silurian age, we find in rocks usually regarded as Devonian the most ancient fossils that can be certainly referred to the insects, while from beds of the succeeding Carboniferous period, a number of insect remains have been disinterred. These Paleozoic insects were frequently of large size, and they show distinct affinities with our recent may-flies, dragon-flies, stone-flies, and cockroaches. In the Permian period, the latest of the divisions of the Paleozoic, lived Eugereon, an insect with hemipteroid jaws and orthopteroid wings.

All these insects must have been exopterygote in their life-history, if we may trust the indications of affinity furnished by their structure. In the Mesozoic period, however, insects with complete transformations must have been fairly abundant. Rocks of Triassic age have yielded beetles and lacewing-flies, while from among Jurassic fossils specimens have been described as representing most of our existing orders, including Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. In Cenozoic rock fossils insects of nearly six thousand species have been found, which are easily referable to existing families and often to existing genera. We may conclude then, imperfect though our knowledge of extinct insects is, that some of the most complex of insect life-stories were being worked out before the dawn of the Cenozoic era. Some instructive hints as to differences in the rate of change among different insect groups may be drawn from the study of parasites. For example, V.L. Kellogg points out that an identical species of the Mallophaga (Bird-lice) infests an Australian Cassowary and two of the South American Rheas; while two species of the same genus (Lipeurus) are common to the African Ostrich and a third kind of South American Rhea. These parasites must have been inherited unchanged by the various members of these three families of flightless birds from their common ancestors that is from early Cenozoic times at latest. On the other hand, the various kinds of such highly specialized parasites as the warble-flies of the oxen and deer must have become differentiated during those later stages of the Cenozoic period which witnessed the evolution of their respective mammalian hosts.