Reading Comprehension

Which of the following is the best revision of the underlined portion of sentence no. (7) below? A state must see to it that it gives to all its citizens minimum standards of security against ill health against unemployment against widowhood, against old age.

Directions for the question:
The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten. Read the passage and select the best answer for the question that follows. Keep in mind that some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask to consider organization and development. In choosing the answer, follow the requirements of standard written English.

(1) It is necessary to have a standard of education. (2) We can set two sorts of standards there. (3) First, a minimum standard below which no one is allowed to fall, in the shape of so many years of elementary education in such and such subjects. (4) And secondly, and in a way even more important, a standard of equal opportunity for all, to ensure that no boy or girl is deprived of the chance of climbing to the top of the educational ladder through poverty or the accidents of birth. (5) There are also standards of economic security. (6) During the recent past, the sense of insecurity has been the single greatest cause, both of individual anxiety and frustration, and social instability and unrest. (7) A state must see to it that it gives to all its citizens minimum standards of security against ill health against unemployment against widowhood, against old age. (8) A man cannot be a good citizen nor do himself justice as an individual if he lives in a nightmare of frustration and anxiety about losing his job. (9) Issues of social security are, therefore, interlinked. (10) This is irrespective of whether they are in the field of basic education, basic health, employment or even protection against economic needs arising out of old age, disability etc. (11) The state expenditure on social security is bound to fall back upon the shoulders of the society at large. (12) A society that cannot take due care of such basic needs of each and every of its members is not fit to be called in the true sense of the term.

What is the best way to combine sentences no. (9) and (10)?

Directions for the question:

The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten. Read the passage and select the best answer for the question that follows. Keep in mind that some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask to consider organization and development. In choosing the answer, follow the requirements of standard written English.

(1) Students at present are not what they were two generations ago. (2) A sense of frustration has assailed their minds. (3) They feel that the so called education does not enable them to face the economic difficulties of the modern world. (4) Hence they develop a philosophy of pessimism resulting in defiance. (5) Greater emphasis is laid upon political than upon academic interests. (6) What is still more harmful is that politicians are exploiting this non-academic interest of the students. (7) Naturally they lose their balance of mind and drift rudderless on the current of their impulses. (8) Sometimes they are misled by teacher – politicians. (9) But we need not be depressed. (10) Most of the students are yet in their teens. (11) Their minds are plastic and their hearts sensitive and impressionable. (12) If worthy ideals are set before them by teachers, guardians and other well wishers there is no reason why students should not become good useful citizens.

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Why should base and essential oils always be kept separate?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Among all other forms of medical practices, massage is perhaps one of the most fascinating as well as rewarding of all. This is so because of its being such a simple and direct form in which individuals contact, thus, satisfying the basic human desire for touch. In other words, there can be hardly anything so rewarding as having the skill to massage since it can strengthen one’s contact with friends, family or the loved ones as you help them relieve their bodily stress, muscular pain, backache and so on. It is understood that massage is a fundamental skill which each one of us should possess. It requires some basic techniques and strokes. At the same time other essentials requirements to be a practitioner include generosity, warmth and time. Besides, one needs to be well aquainted with the basics of anatomy and physiology to have an exact idea of where to place the hands. Along with theoretical and practical knowledge, it is necessary to have a fair knowledge of various oils and aromatherapy that helps in enhancing the massage. In practice, the first step involves deciding the place of massage for example-if it is a quick neck and shoulder or hand massage, the patient must be made to sit with a supported back, be it on floor or chair. However, a full body massage may ideally be given in a place where there is enough space for the patient to lie down comfortably. Further come the oils used in the treatment. Some of the commonly used oils are sweet almond, grape seed, avocado, carrot, jojoba and apricot. The essential oils include chamomile, basil, jasmine, rose, sandalwood and bergamot. It is recommended that the commonly used oils (also called base oils) must be kept separate from the essential oils. Although the oils used in massage are mostly a mix of base and essential oils but their appropriate measure is important to achieve various effects on the body. To make an ideal mix of oil generally 25 drops of essential oil are mixed into 50 ml of base oil. After the mixing of oils, it is warmed before application.

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Of all the medical practices, massage has been termed as the most rewarding by the author because

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Among all other forms of medical practices, massage is perhaps one of the most fascinating as well as rewarding of all. This is so because of its being such a simple and direct form in which individuals contact, thus, satisfying the basic human desire for touch. In other words, there can be hardly anything so rewarding as having the skill to massage since it can strengthen one’s contact with friends, family or the loved ones as you help them relieve their bodily stress, muscular pain, backache and so on. It is understood that massage is a fundamental skill which each one of us should possess. It requires some basic techniques and strokes. At the same time other essentials requirements to be a practitioner include generosity, warmth and time. Besides, one needs to be well aquainted with the basics of anatomy and physiology to have an exact idea of where to place the hands. Along with theoretical and practical knowledge, it is necessary to have a fair knowledge of various oils and aromatherapy that helps in enhancing the massage. In practice, the first step involves deciding the place of massage for example-if it is a quick neck and shoulder or hand massage, the patient must be made to sit with a supported back, be it on floor or chair. However, a full body massage may ideally be given in a place where there is enough space for the patient to lie down comfortably. Further come the oils used in the treatment. Some of the commonly used oils are sweet almond, grape seed, avocado, carrot, jojoba and apricot. The essential oils include chamomile, basil, jasmine, rose, sandalwood and bergamot. It is recommended that the commonly used oils (also called base oils) must be kept separate from the essential oils. Although the oils used in massage are mostly a mix of base and essential oils but their appropriate measure is important to achieve various effects on the body. To make an ideal mix of oil generally 25 drops of essential oil are mixed into 50 ml of base oil. After the mixing of oils, it is warmed before application.

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Which of the following is not mentioned among the ailments treated by massage?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Among all other forms of medical practices, massage is perhaps one of the most fascinating as well as rewarding of all. This is so because of its being such a simple and direct form in which individuals contact, thus, satisfying the basic human desire for touch. In other words, there can be hardly anything so rewarding as having the skill to massage since it can strengthen one’s contact with friends, family or the loved ones as you help them relieve their bodily stress, muscular pain, backache and so on. It is understood that massage is a fundamental skill which each one of us should possess. It requires some basic techniques and strokes. At the same time other essentials requirements to be a practitioner include generosity, warmth and time. Besides, one needs to be well aquainted with the basics of anatomy and physiology to have an exact idea of where to place the hands. Along with theoretical and practical knowledge, it is necessary to have a fair knowledge of various oils and aromatherapy that helps in enhancing the massage. In practice, the first step involves deciding the place of massage for example-if it is a quick neck and shoulder or hand massage, the patient must be made to sit with a supported back, be it on floor or chair. However, a full body massage may ideally be given in a place where there is enough space for the patient to lie down comfortably. Further come the oils used in the treatment. Some of the commonly used oils are sweet almond, grape seed, avocado, carrot, jojoba and apricot. The essential oils include chamomile, basil, jasmine, rose, sandalwood and bergamot. It is recommended that the commonly used oils (also called base oils) must be kept separate from the essential oils. Although the oils used in massage are mostly a mix of base and essential oils but their appropriate measure is important to achieve various effects on the body. To make an ideal mix of oil generally 25 drops of essential oil are mixed into 50 ml of base oil. After the mixing of oils, it is warmed before application.

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

What is mentioned as the first consideration of a masseur in the massage treatment?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Among all other forms of medical practices, massage is perhaps one of the most fascinating as well as rewarding of all. This is so because of its being such a simple and direct form in which individuals contact, thus, satisfying the basic human desire for touch. In other words, there can be hardly anything so rewarding as having the skill to massage since it can strengthen one’s contact with friends, family or the loved ones as you help them relieve their bodily stress, muscular pain, backache and so on. It is understood that massage is a fundamental skill which each one of us should possess. It requires some basic techniques and strokes. At the same time other essentials requirements to be a practitioner include generosity, warmth and time. Besides, one needs to be well aquainted with the basics of anatomy and physiology to have an exact idea of where to place the hands. Along with theoretical and practical knowledge, it is necessary to have a fair knowledge of various oils and aromatherapy that helps in enhancing the massage. In practice, the first step involves deciding the place of massage for example-if it is a quick neck and shoulder or hand massage, the patient must be made to sit with a supported back, be it on floor or chair. However, a full body massage may ideally be given in a place where there is enough space for the patient to lie down comfortably. Further come the oils used in the treatment. Some of the commonly used oils are sweet almond, grape seed, avocado, carrot, jojoba and apricot. The essential oils include chamomile, basil, jasmine, rose, sandalwood and bergamot. It is recommended that the commonly used oils (also called base oils) must be kept separate from the essential oils. Although the oils used in massage are mostly a mix of base and essential oils but their appropriate measure is important to achieve various effects on the body. To make an ideal mix of oil generally 25 drops of essential oil are mixed into 50 ml of base oil. After the mixing of oils, it is warmed before application.

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Besides practical knowledge, which human qualities are essential to be a massage therapist?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Among all other forms of medical practices, massage is perhaps one of the most fascinating as well as rewarding of all. This is so because of its being such a simple and direct form in which individuals contact, thus, satisfying the basic human desire for touch. In other words, there can be hardly anything so rewarding as having the skill to massage since it can strengthen one’s contact with friends, family or the loved ones as you help them relieve their bodily stress, muscular pain, backache and so on. It is understood that massage is a fundamental skill which each one of us should possess. It requires some basic techniques and strokes. At the same time other essentials requirements to be a practitioner include generosity, warmth and time. Besides, one needs to be well aquainted with the basics of anatomy and physiology to have an exact idea of where to place the hands. Along with theoretical and practical knowledge, it is necessary to have a fair knowledge of various oils and aromatherapy that helps in enhancing the massage. In practice, the first step involves deciding the place of massage for example-if it is a quick neck and shoulder or hand massage, the patient must be made to sit with a supported back, be it on floor or chair. However, a full body massage may ideally be given in a place where there is enough space for the patient to lie down comfortably. Further come the oils used in the treatment. Some of the commonly used oils are sweet almond, grape seed, avocado, carrot, jojoba and apricot. The essential oils include chamomile, basil, jasmine, rose, sandalwood and bergamot. It is recommended that the commonly used oils (also called base oils) must be kept separate from the essential oils. Although the oils used in massage are mostly a mix of base and essential oils but their appropriate measure is important to achieve various effects on the body. To make an ideal mix of oil generally 25 drops of essential oil are mixed into 50 ml of base oil. After the mixing of oils, it is warmed before application.

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Which of the following is not mentioned as an oil used in massage treatment?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Among all other forms of medical practices, massage is perhaps one of the most fascinating as well as rewarding of all. This is so because of its being such a simple and direct form in which individuals contact, thus, satisfying the basic human desire for touch. In other words, there can be hardly anything so rewarding as having the skill to massage since it can strengthen one’s contact with friends, family or the loved ones as you help them relieve their bodily stress, muscular pain, backache and so on. It is understood that massage is a fundamental skill which each one of us should possess. It requires some basic techniques and strokes. At the same time other essentials requirements to be a practitioner include generosity, warmth and time. Besides, one needs to be well aquainted with the basics of anatomy and physiology to have an exact idea of where to place the hands. Along with theoretical and practical knowledge, it is necessary to have a fair knowledge of various oils and aromatherapy that helps in enhancing the massage. In practice, the first step involves deciding the place of massage for example-if it is a quick neck and shoulder or hand massage, the patient must be made to sit with a supported back, be it on floor or chair. However, a full body massage may ideally be given in a place where there is enough space for the patient to lie down comfortably. Further come the oils used in the treatment. Some of the commonly used oils are sweet almond, grape seed, avocado, carrot, jojoba and apricot. The essential oils include chamomile, basil, jasmine, rose, sandalwood and bergamot. It is recommended that the commonly used oils (also called base oils) must be kept separate from the essential oils. Although the oils used in massage are mostly a mix of base and essential oils but their appropriate measure is important to achieve various effects on the body. To make an ideal mix of oil generally 25 drops of essential oil are mixed into 50 ml of base oil. After the mixing of oils, it is warmed before application.

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Which areas of knowledge help one understand where to massage on human body?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Among all other forms of medical practices, massage is perhaps one of the most fascinating as well as rewarding of all. This is so because of its being such a simple and direct form in which individuals contact, thus, satisfying the basic human desire for touch. In other words, there can be hardly anything so rewarding as having the skill to massage since it can strengthen one’s contact with friends, family or the loved ones as you help them relieve their bodily stress, muscular pain, backache and so on. It is understood that massage is a fundamental skill which each one of us should possess. It requires some basic techniques and strokes. At the same time other essentials requirements to be a practitioner include generosity, warmth and time. Besides, one needs to be well aquainted with the basics of anatomy and physiology to have an exact idea of where to place the hands. Along with theoretical and practical knowledge, it is necessary to have a fair knowledge of various oils and aromatherapy that helps in enhancing the massage. In practice, the first step involves deciding the place of massage for example-if it is a quick neck and shoulder or hand massage, the patient must be made to sit with a supported back, be it on floor or chair. However, a full body massage may ideally be given in a place where there is enough space for the patient to lie down comfortably. Further come the oils used in the treatment. Some of the commonly used oils are sweet almond, grape seed, avocado, carrot, jojoba and apricot. The essential oils include chamomile, basil, jasmine, rose, sandalwood and bergamot. It is recommended that the commonly used oils (also called base oils) must be kept separate from the essential oils. Although the oils used in massage are mostly a mix of base and essential oils but their appropriate measure is important to achieve various effects on the body. To make an ideal mix of oil generally 25 drops of essential oil are mixed into 50 ml of base oil. After the mixing of oils, it is warmed before application.

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Which of the following is not mentioned as an essential oil in the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Among all other forms of medical practices, massage is perhaps one of the most fascinating as well as rewarding of all. This is so because of its being such a simple and direct form in which individuals contact, thus, satisfying the basic human desire for touch. In other words, there can be hardly anything so rewarding as having the skill to massage since it can strengthen one’s contact with friends, family or the loved ones as you help them relieve their bodily stress, muscular pain, backache and so on. It is understood that massage is a fundamental skill which each one of us should possess. It requires some basic techniques and strokes. At the same time other essentials requirements to be a practitioner include generosity, warmth and time. Besides, one needs to be well aquainted with the basics of anatomy and physiology to have an exact idea of where to place the hands. Along with theoretical and practical knowledge, it is necessary to have a fair knowledge of various oils and aromatherapy that helps in enhancing the massage. In practice, the first step involves deciding the place of massage for example-if it is a quick neck and shoulder or hand massage, the patient must be made to sit with a supported back, be it on floor or chair. However, a full body massage may ideally be given in a place where there is enough space for the patient to lie down comfortably. Further come the oils used in the treatment. Some of the commonly used oils are sweet almond, grape seed, avocado, carrot, jojoba and apricot. The essential oils include chamomile, basil, jasmine, rose, sandalwood and bergamot. It is recommended that the commonly used oils (also called base oils) must be kept separate from the essential oils. Although the oils used in massage are mostly a mix of base and essential oils but their appropriate measure is important to achieve various effects on the body. To make an ideal mix of oil generally 25 drops of essential oil are mixed into 50 ml of base oil. After the mixing of oils, it is warmed before application.

Directions: Choose the appropriate option from (1 - 4) according to the information given in the reading passage.

Which of the following is mentioned as an aid to enhance the effect of massage?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Among all other forms of medical practices, massage is perhaps one of the most fascinating as well as rewarding of all. This is so because of its being such a simple and direct form in which individuals contact, thus, satisfying the basic human desire for touch. In other words, there can be hardly anything so rewarding as having the skill to massage since it can strengthen one’s contact with friends, family or the loved ones as you help them relieve their bodily stress, muscular pain, backache and so on. It is understood that massage is a fundamental skill which each one of us should possess. It requires some basic techniques and strokes. At the same time other essentials requirements to be a practitioner include generosity, warmth and time. Besides, one needs to be well aquainted with the basics of anatomy and physiology to have an exact idea of where to place the hands. Along with theoretical and practical knowledge, it is necessary to have a fair knowledge of various oils and aromatherapy that helps in enhancing the massage. In practice, the first step involves deciding the place of massage for example-if it is a quick neck and shoulder or hand massage, the patient must be made to sit with a supported back, be it on floor or chair. However, a full body massage may ideally be given in a place where there is enough space for the patient to lie down comfortably. Further come the oils used in the treatment. Some of the commonly used oils are sweet almond, grape seed, avocado, carrot, jojoba and apricot. The essential oils include chamomile, basil, jasmine, rose, sandalwood and bergamot. It is recommended that the commonly used oils (also called base oils) must be kept separate from the essential oils. Although the oils used in massage are mostly a mix of base and essential oils but their appropriate measure is important to achieve various effects on the body. To make an ideal mix of oil generally 25 drops of essential oil are mixed into 50 ml of base oil. After the mixing of oils, it is warmed before application.

What causes the seismic activity in the Ring of Fire?

Directions: Read the passage carefully and answer the following question.

The Pacific Ring of Fire is the name that is given to a horseshoe shaped area in the Pacific Ocean which extends from South America and North America to Eastern Asia, Australia and New Zealand. This area is famous for its constant seismic activity and because of the amount of active volcanoes that can be found here. 75% of dormant and active volcanoes are found in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Now it is known that the area is very close to several tectonic plates which may be what influences the violent activity in the area. It is believed that the Pacific Ring of Fire has a total of 452 volcanoes. Some of the world’s most active volcanoes are found here. The volcanoes can be very dangerous to the population nearby. The Pacific Ring of Fire is different today than it was thousands of years ago because of the changes caused by tectonic plates. The Pacific Plate will hit other plates nearby and that causes them to sink. The crust melts producing the magma that feeds the different volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire or it will help produce new volcanoes. The tectonic plates are the reason for the many violent earthquakes in the entire area of the pacific.

What has caused the changes in the area of the Pacific Ring of Fire over thousands of years?

Directions: Read the passage carefully and answer the following question.

The Pacific Ring of Fire is the name that is given to a horseshoe shaped area in the Pacific Ocean which extends from South America and North America to Eastern Asia, Australia and New Zealand. This area is famous for its constant seismic activity and because of the amount of active volcanoes that can be found here. 75% of dormant and active volcanoes are found in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Now it is known that the area is very close to several tectonic plates which may be what influences the violent activity in the area. It is believed that the Pacific Ring of Fire has a total of 452 volcanoes. Some of the world’s most active volcanoes are found here. The volcanoes can be very dangerous to the population nearby. The Pacific Ring of Fire is different today than it was thousands of years ago because of the changes caused by tectonic plates. The Pacific Plate will hit other plates nearby and that causes them to sink. The crust melts producing the magma that feeds the different volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire or it will help produce new volcanoes. The tectonic plates are the reason for the many violent earthquakes in the entire area of the pacific.

Which of the alternatives given below is the correct synonym of ‘constant’ as used in the passage?

Directions: Read the passage carefully and answer the following question.

The Pacific Ring of Fire is the name that is given to a horseshoe shaped area in the Pacific Ocean which extends from South America and North America to Eastern Asia, Australia and New Zealand. This area is famous for its constant seismic activity and because of the amount of active volcanoes that can be found here. 75% of dormant and active volcanoes are found in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Now it is known that the area is very close to several tectonic plates which may be what influences the violent activity in the area. It is believed that the Pacific Ring of Fire has a total of 452 volcanoes. Some of the world’s most active volcanoes are found here. The volcanoes can be very dangerous to the population nearby. The Pacific Ring of Fire is different today than it was thousands of years ago because of the changes caused by tectonic plates. The Pacific Plate will hit other plates nearby and that causes them to sink. The crust melts producing the magma that feeds the different volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire or it will help produce new volcanoes. The tectonic plates are the reason for the many violent earthquakes in the entire area of the pacific.

What is the Ring of Fire famous for?

Directions: Read the passage carefully and answer the following question.

The Pacific Ring of Fire is the name that is given to a horseshoe shaped area in the Pacific Ocean which extends from South America and North America to Eastern Asia, Australia and New Zealand. This area is famous for its constant seismic activity and because of the amount of active volcanoes that can be found here. 75% of dormant and active volcanoes are found in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Now it is known that the area is very close to several tectonic plates which may be what influences the violent activity in the area. It is believed that the Pacific Ring of Fire has a total of 452 volcanoes. Some of the world’s most active volcanoes are found here. The volcanoes can be very dangerous to the population nearby. The Pacific Ring of Fire is different today than it was thousands of years ago because of the changes caused by tectonic plates. The Pacific Plate will hit other plates nearby and that causes them to sink. The crust melts producing the magma that feeds the different volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire or it will help produce new volcanoes. The tectonic plates are the reason for the many violent earthquakes in the entire area of the pacific.