Reading Comprehension

What is the meaning of shivering in context to the passage?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question:

“Piffle and poffle!” cried Mandarin. “You are not a dragon! Everyone can see that you are only a dusty old wanderer. We have no time to give you free meals or to talk politely. Get out of the way.”
And he ran home to the palace and crawled under the bed where he lay shivering.
“ My gallant army,” command the Captain, “follow me!”
He turned and ran to the barracks and all his soldiers followed him. They all hid under their beds and lay there shaking.
The Merchant, The Wise Man, and the Chief of the Workmen fled to their own houses and all the people hurried after them. In a few minutes, the streets were empty except for Han and the little fat old man.
“Well,” said Han, “I don’t think we have much time. The enemy will be here soon. I don’t know whether you are a dragon or not, but if you are hungry and thirsty, please do me the honour of coming into my humble house.”
With a low bow, he showed the old man the way into his tiny hut.There, he gave him the bowl of rice and the cup of wine, which were all he had.
The old man ate and drank. Then he stood up.
“I don’t think much of the people of Wu,” he said, “but for your sake I will save the city.”
He went out to the gate. The Wild Horsemen were very close. There wore fur caps and the skins of tigers. They shot arrows at the city as they rode hard on their shaggy horses.
The little fat man puffed out his checks.He blew a long breath. The sky grew dark and lightning sizzled from the clouds to the earth. A great wind arose. It caught the Wild Horsemen and blew them far and wide. Those who escaped turned and galloped madly away through the storm.
The sky cleared. The sun shone again. The plain was empty.
The little fat man said, “Now I will show you what a dragon looks like.”
He sprang up into the air and his form changed. He grew taller than the tallest tree, taller than the tallest tower. He was the colour of sunset shining through rain. Scales covered him, scattering light. His claws and teeth glittered like diamonds. His eyes were noble like those of a proud horse. He was more beautiful and more frightening than anything Han had ever seen.
He flew high, roaring, and vanished into the deep sky. Han gave a long sigh and went to tell the Mandarin what had happened.
The people of the city crowded around to hear the tale. They could see for themselves that the enemy had vanished. They cheered Han, pinned medals on him, gave him many gold pieces, and from that day on called him “The Honourable Defender of the city.”

According to the passage, India has ______.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the given question.

Each of the forms of intellectual property has its place within an organization. Copyrights protect the form of expression of ideas, trademarks protect the identification of the source of ideas, and patents and trade secrets protect the application of ideas. Because a trade secret may be a patentable invention, tension may exist between the options of keeping an invention a trade secret or filing a patent application. Using a trade secret may eliminate the possibility of patenting an invention. On the other hand, the publication of a patent destroys any trade secrets which it discloses.

Foreign Trade Barriers 218

India implemented a strengthened copyright law in May 1995, creating one of the most modern systems for copyright protection in the developing world. In the year 2000, certain amendments to the Indian Copyright Act substantially weakened the Act’s once–strong software protection. These exceptions allow decompilation of a computer program, permit reproduction of a computer program so as to observe its functionality, and allow multiple copies of a computer program for personal, non–commercial use. The United States believes that the exceptions provided in the amendments are too broad and will lead to increased piracy. Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement allows WTO Members to limit intellectual property protection as long as the exceptions or limitations do not unreasonably prejudice the right holder’s interests or conflict with the normal exploitation of the work. Other amendments in 2000, designed to meet TRIPs obligations, increased the period of protection of performers' rights from 25 years to 50 years, and extended the provisions of the Act to broadcasts and performances made in other countries only on a reciprocal basis.

Scientists, artists, authors, inventors and many others create new and unique ideas which result in products of different kinds – from complex machinery to household gadgets, novels and films for entertainment and mathematical or social concepts that changes the way people think and understand events and situations. These are products of people’s minds and imaginations. Human progress depends on such developments. Without them life would not be as interesting and comfortable.

The inventor, in turn, must have a proportional right on such products of his mind, as much as he has such rights in physical property that he owns. At the same time human progress requires that such inventions and discoveries are disseminated and used widely. Inevitably these inventions are far more common in rich nations than in poor ones. The market for such things is larger, the rewards are greater and the facilities for developments of this nature are incomparably better.

In order to progress, poor countries must have access to these inventions. In this century many countries have got access by imitation and usually without reward to the inventor. There is always a conflict between the need to provide incentives for discovery and invention and the need to limit this incentive both to a time period and on cost. In this way, the rights to intellectual property are looked at in a different way from physical property by society.

Copyrights relate to the right of the author or producer to have proprietary rights on his writings, films or other expressions. Trademarks are proprietary names given by manufacturers to their wares which identify their offering as their own and not any other similar offering; patents relate to the ownership right in a process of manufacture and also to the end product.

India has very strong laws relating to copyright. In the case of trademarks, the law is strong but there have been some restrictions, especially relating to the use of foreign brand names, and more so when royalty has to be paid for their use. These restrictions have been lifted.

The enforcement system through the police and judiciary is weak, and the penalties imposed on offenders are not severe. Violators do not stop their theft of other people's trademarks or copyright even after they have been convicted. Convictions are difficult to achieve even if the offender has been identified. However, many owners in India have developed their own policing systems and have often been able to successfully follow through cases.

Which of the following options is the best replacement of the word ‘weaker’ in line 3?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

1. The National Bal Bhawan is an autonomous institution fully funded by the Ministry of Human
2. Resources. It has been playing a major role towards enhancing creativity amongst
3.  the children in the age group of 5-16 years specially from the weaker sections of society. The
4. National Bal Bhawan also provides general guidance and training faculty to state.
5. With a suitable law coming into force, there is now
6. a statutory responsibility on the central and state governments to ensure that all
7. disabled children receive free education in an appropriate environment till the age of 18 years.
8. The population of disabled children is high whereas the coverage is low.

Which of the following options is the best replacement of the word ‘environment’ in line 7?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

1. The National Bal Bhawan is an autonomous institution fully funded by the Ministry of Human
2. Resources. It has been playing a major role towards enhancing creativity amongst
3.  the children in the age group of 5-16 years specially from the weaker sections of society. The
4. National Bal Bhawan also provides general guidance and training faculty to state.
5. With a suitable law coming into force, there is now
6. a statutory responsibility on the central and state governments to ensure that all
7. disabled children receive free education in an appropriate environment till the age of 18 years.
8. The population of disabled children is high whereas the coverage is low.

Which of the following options is the best replacement of the word ‘enhancing’ in line 2?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

1. The National Bal Bhawan is an autonomous institution fully funded by the Ministry of Human
2. Resources. It has been playing a major role towards enhancing creativity amongst
3.  the children in the age group of 5-16 years specially from the weaker sections of society. The
4. National Bal Bhawan also provides general guidance and training faculty to state.
5. With a suitable law coming into force, there is now
6. a statutory responsibility on the central and state governments to ensure that all
7. disabled children receive free education in an appropriate environment till the age of 18 years.
8. The population of disabled children is high whereas the coverage is low.

Directions: Complete this passage by selecting the most suitable word from each list to fill the corresponding gap (19).

At the highest point in Tarifa is an old fort. From ___(17) ____ its walls, one can _____(18)______ a glimpse of Africa. The old man sat there and made several strange gestures over the boy's head. The boy was ____(19)___ as his friends looked with curiosity. He ____(20) ___ something in the old man's ears and strode off.

Which of the following options is the best replacement of the word ‘coverage’ in line 8?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

1. The National Bal Bhawan is an autonomous institution fully funded by the Ministry of Human
2. Resources. It has been playing a major role towards enhancing creativity amongst
3.  the children in the age group of 5-16 years specially from the weaker sections of society. The
4. National Bal Bhawan also provides general guidance and training faculty to state.
5. With a suitable law coming into force, there is now
6. a statutory responsibility on the central and state governments to ensure that all
7. disabled children receive free education in an appropriate environment till the age of 18 years.
8. The population of disabled children is high whereas the coverage is low.

Which of the following options is the best replacement of the word ‘autonomous’ in line 1?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

1. The National Bal Bhawan is an autonomous institution fully funded by the Ministry of Human
2. Resources. It has been playing a major role towards enhancing creativity amongst
3.  the children in the age group of 5-16 years specially from the weaker sections of society. The
4. National Bal Bhawan also provides general guidance and training faculty to state.
5. With a suitable law coming into force, there is now
6. a statutory responsibility on the central and state governments to ensure that all
7. disabled children receive free education in an appropriate environment till the age of 18 years.
8. The population of disabled children is high whereas the coverage is low.

Which of the following options is the best replacement of the word ‘faculty’ in line 4?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

1. The National Bal Bhawan is an autonomous institution fully funded by the Ministry of Human
2. Resources. It has been playing a major role towards enhancing creativity amongst
3.  the children in the age group of 5-16 years specially from the weaker sections of society. The
4. National Bal Bhawan also provides general guidance and training faculty to state.
5. With a suitable law coming into force, there is now
6. a statutory responsibility on the central and state governments to ensure that all
7. disabled children receive free education in an appropriate environment till the age of 18 years.
8. The population of disabled children is high whereas the coverage is low.

Which of the following options is the best replacement of the word ‘statutory’ in line 6?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

1. The National Bal Bhawan is an autonomous institution fully funded by the Ministry of Human
2. Resources. It has been playing a major role towards enhancing creativity amongst
3.  the children in the age group of 5-16 years specially from the weaker sections of society. The
4. National Bal Bhawan also provides general guidance and training faculty to state.
5. With a suitable law coming into force, there is now
6. a statutory responsibility on the central and state governments to ensure that all
7. disabled children receive free education in an appropriate environment till the age of 18 years.
8. The population of disabled children is high whereas the coverage is low.

Which of the following options is the best replacement of the word ‘force’ in line 5?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

1. The National Bal Bhawan is an autonomous institution fully funded by the Ministry of Human
2. Resources. It has been playing a major role towards enhancing creativity amongst
3.  the children in the age group of 5-16 years specially from the weaker sections of society. The
4. National Bal Bhawan also provides general guidance and training faculty to state.
5. With a suitable law coming into force, there is now
6. a statutory responsibility on the central and state governments to ensure that all
7. disabled children receive free education in an appropriate environment till the age of 18 years.
8. The population of disabled children is high whereas the coverage is low.

Directions: This passage contains errors and an omission. Choose the correct option to correct the corresponding error and complete the passage. I have noticed that ‘No Parking’ boards are appearing on all gates of our (9) neighbourhood. They are also been pinned on all the tree trunks around here. (10) On close inspection, I saw that they are actually advertisement boards. (11) I am aghast as it seemed to have escaped the notice of everyone. (12)

Which word has been left out of line (9)?

Directions: This passage contains errors and an omission. Choose the correct option to correct the corresponding error and complete the passage. I have noticed that ‘No Parking’ boards are appearing on all gates of our (9) neighbourhood. They are also been pinned on all the tree trunks around here. (10) On close inspection, I saw that they are actually advertisement boards. (11) I am aghast as it seemed to have escaped the notice of everyone. (12)

Which word(s) should replace ‘close’ in line (11)?

Directions: This passage contains errors and an omission. Choose the correct option to correct the corresponding error and complete the passage. I have noticed that ‘No Parking’ boards are appearing on all gates of our (9) neighbourhood. They are also been pinned on all the tree trunks around here. (10) On close inspection, I saw that they are actually advertisement boards. (11) I am aghast as it seemed to have escaped the notice of everyone. (12)

Which word(s) should replace “been” in line (10)?

Directions: This passage contains errors and an omission. Choose the correct option to correct the corresponding error and complete the passage. I have noticed that ‘No Parking’ boards are appearing on all gates of our (9) neighbourhood. They are also been pinned on all the tree trunks around here. (10) On close inspection, I saw that they are actually advertisement boards. (11) I am aghast as it seemed to have escaped the notice of everyone. (12)

Which word(s) correctly replace(s) ‘am’ in line (12)?