Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics

 It is both Beta and Gama rays emittor hence, Beta rays used for therapeutic purpose to kill cancerous cells and Gama rays used for scanning and imaging/uptake.

The word KERMA is an acronym for kinetic energy released in material, kinetic energy released in matter, or sometimes kinetic energy released per unit mass.

 Iodine 131 is a beta emitter used for abelation dose as well as for imaging and thyroid uptake.

100 mSv for consecutive 5 years but not more than 50 mSv in a single year is recommended by ICRP.

The sievert (symbol: Sv) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit ofequivalent radiation dose and Effective dose. MeV is incorrect option.

Technetium-99m is a meta-stable nuclear isomer of technetium-99, symbolised as 99 m Tc. It is used in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually, making it the most commonly used medical radioisotope.

In 1896, Henri Becquerel was investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts when he discovered a new phenomenon, which came to be called radioactivity. He along with Pierre and Marie Curie began investigating the phenomenon. In the process, they isolated the element radium, which is highly radioactive.

Betavoltaics are generators of electrical current that use energy from a radioactive source emitting beta particles (electrons). A common source used is the hydrogen isotope; tritium. Unlike most nuclear power sources (thermoelectric and thermionic sources), which use nuclear radiation to generate heat, are then used to generate electricity. Betavoltaics use a non-thermal conversion process; converting the electron-hole pairs produced by the ionization trail of beta particles traversing a semiconductor.

Plutonium is a radioactive actinide metal whose isotope, plutonium-239, is one of the three primary fissile isotopes. To be considered fissile, an isotope's atomic nucleus must be able to break apart or fission when struck by a slow moving neutron and to release enough additional neutrons to sustain the nuclear chain reaction by splitting further nuclei. Fission of a kilogram of plutonium-239 can produce an explosion equivalent to 21, 000 tons of TNT. It is this energy that makes plutonium-239 useful in nuclear weapons and reactors.

This option is correct as we know that scintillation is a process of conversion of radioactive energy (energy associated with a beta particle) to light. Hence, scintillation counter is the detector which converts the radioactive energy into light energy.

This option is correct because C¹⁴ is a low energy β^- emitter and since liquid scintillators are used for low energy β^- emitters, so C¹⁴ can be detected using liquid scintillator.

James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 using beryllium-9 bombarded with alpha particles from polonium. The nuclear reaction was ⁴He₂ + ⁹Be₄ → ¹²C₆ + ¹n₀. This produced neutral radiation that was identified as neutrons.

Uranium, Radium, and Plutonium are all radioactive elements that undergo radioactive decay. Sodium is a stable, non-radioactive element commonly found in table salt (NaCl).

A counter (like a Geiger-Muller counter) is specifically designed to detect and measure atomic radiation by counting ionization events. Nuclear reactors sustain fission, cyclotrons accelerate particles, and capacitors store charge.

Thorium is a radioactive element that occurs naturally in building materials like granite and sand-based ceramics. These materials can emit low levels of radiation due to thorium content.