Programming Fundamentals

An immutable object or file is one whose state cannot be modified after it is created. This is a common concept in functional programming and distributed file systems.

The 'instanceof' operator in Java checks if an object is an instance of a specific class or implements a specific interface.

Static, Switch, and Import are reserved keywords in Java. Main is just a method name, not a reserved keyword.

Java always passes arguments by value. For objects, the value passed is the reference to the object.

The control unit is responsible for the instruction cycle, which includes both fetching instructions from memory and coordinating their execution by other parts of the system.

It is an integral data type because it stores the ASCII value of any character constant.

This loop is called exit controlled loop because the condition is checked in the end, in do while loop.

COUNT returns only the number of rows in which the expression is NOT NULL.

Static variables or global variables (often referred to as S in such contexts) are allocated memory at compile time.

JIT compilation does not have such reading of metadata information.

Option (4) is correct.

In C++, a reference must be initialized when it is declared, and it cannot be made to refer to a different object after initialization.

C++ supports default arguments in function declarations, allowing callers to omit trailing arguments if they have default values.

In C++, an array is a collection of elements of the same data type. It cannot store different types of data.

C++ allows anonymous unions, which are unions without a name, and their members can be accessed directly.