Programming Fundamentals

In an IF-THEN-ELSE structure, when the condition evaluates to true, only the THEN clause is executed. The ELSE clause is skipped entirely.

A logic error occurs when the algorithm or reasoning is wrong, even if the code is syntactically correct. Using addition instead of multiplication for area is a conceptual mistake in the problem-solving approach, not a syntax violation.

Student names consist of text characters and must be stored in string arrays to preserve the text format. Prices represent numerical values and are stored in numeric arrays for arithmetic operations. This distinction is fundamental in programming - strings for text, numbers for calculations.

A two-dimensional array has rows and columns, requiring two separate loops to access all elements systematically. The outer loop iterates through rows, while the inner loop iterates through columns. This nested structure ensures every element in the 2D grid is processed exactly once.

A variable is a named storage location that holds values which can be modified during program execution. Unlike constants, variables allow programs to work with changing data. This fundamental concept enables dynamic programming and data manipulation.

Concatenation is the operation of joining two or more strings end-to-end to create a single combined string. This is a fundamental string operation in programming, used extensively in text processing, formatting output, and building file paths. The term comes from Latin meaning 'to link together'.

Option (2) is correct.

A PL/SQL record is a group of related data items. For example, the data about a student like roll no., name, date of birth are logically related to each other but have different types. A record containing a field for each item lets the user treat the data as a logical unit. Thus, making it easier to organise and represent. The syntax for creating a record is

type type_name is record (fielddeclaration1,fielddeclaration2...); 

The CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN exception is thrown when we are trying to open a cursor that is already open. A cursor cannot be opened twice without closing it first.

The difference between a function and procedure is that a function can return a value to its calling function while a procedure cannot return a value. Function returns a value using the 'return' keyword. A function cannot return more than one value.

The declaration section of a PL/SQL program is used to contain all variable declarations. While using a function, the declare keyword is replaced by 'is' keyword. All the variables are declared inside the 'is' keyword. For example, CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION myfunc  RETURN VARCHAR(20); IS sname VARCHAR(20); BEGIN SELECT studname INTO sname FROM students WHERE rollno = 1; RETURN sname; END;/ 

There is no inheritance in subprogram and therefore it cannot be counted as one of its advantages.

Parameterized cursors are static cursors that can accept passed-in parameter values when they are opened. The mode of parameter passed to a cursor can only be IN. The syntax for opening a parameterized cursor is open cursor_name(value)

Example: open mycursor(1000); where 1000 is the parameter value

This data type allows an user to define his own identifier to represent an existing data type in 'C'.

This function in 'C' compares the first n characters of two input strings.