Polymers and Plastics

Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is a resin usually used for applications that require strong binding, optical clarity, adhesion to many surfaces, toughness and flexibility. It is prepared from polyvinyl alcohol by reaction with butyraldehyde. The major application is in the making of laminated safety glass for automobile windshields. Orlon is a addition polymer of acrylonitrile which is used for making clothes and fabrics like sweaters, hats, yarns, rugs, etc. Bakelite is the condensation polymer (copolymer) of phenol and formaldehyde. Bakelite is high electric, heat and chemical resistance polymer and used in the manufacturing of insulation of wires, manufacturing sockets, electrical devices, brake pads, etc. Twaron is the brandname of Teijin Aramid for a para-aramid. It is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibre developed in the early 1970s by the Dutch company AKZO. Twaron is a p-phenylene terephthalamide (PpPTA), the simplest form of the AABB para polyaramide. It is used in the making of bullet-proof body armour, helmets, brake pads, ropes, etc. Hence, the correct answer using the codes is P-2-i, Q-3-iv, R-4-iii, S-1-ii.

It is a monomer of natural rubber.

Silicone rubber is a rubber-like material containing silicon together with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Silicone rubber is generally non-reactive, stable, and resistant to extreme environments and temperatures from -55°C to +300°C while still maintaining its useful properties. It is used in cooking, baking, and food storage products; apparel such as undergarments, sportswear, and footwear etc..

Injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. Material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity.

Boron carbide is an extremely hard boron-carbon ceramic material used in tank armour, bulletproof vests, and numerous industrial applications. With a Mohs hardness of above 9, it is one of the hardest materials known, behind cubic boron nitride and diamond.

Diisoheptyl phthalate is a phthalate used as a plasticizer. Diisoheptyl phthalate is typically a mixture of chemical compounds consisting of various isoheptyl esters of phthalic acid with the chemical formula C₂₂H₃₄O₄.

Polyvinyl fluoride is mainly used in flammability-lowering coating of airplane interiors and photovoltaic module backsheets. It is also used in raincoats and metal sheeting. Polyvinyl fluoride is a thermoplastic fluoropolymer with the repeating vinyl fluoride unit.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a transparent plastic produced from cane sugar or glucose. It not only resembles conventional petrochemical mass plastics (like PE or PP) in its characteristics, but  can also be processed easily on standard equipment that already exists for the production of conventional plastics.

Xanthan gum is a bacterially-produced polymer used in EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) to assist the water thickening process. Its properties of viscosity, shear resistance, and temperature and salt tolerance make it almost an ideal polymer for use in EOR.

Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic, with an annual production of approximately 80 million metric tons. Its primary use is in packaging (plastic bag, plastic films, geomembranes, etc.).

Polyphenylsulfone is a type of moldable plastic often used in rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing applications. It is a heat and chemical resistant material. It is typically used in automotive and aerospace applications. It has virtually no melting point due to its amorphous nature.

Anionic addition polymerization is a form of chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization that involves the polymerization of vinyl monomers with strong electronegative groups. This polymerization is carried out through a carbanion active species.

Cross-linked polyethylene is a form of polyethylene with cross-links. It is formed into tubing and is used predominantly in hydronic radiant heating systems, domestic water piping and insulation for high tension (high voltage) electrical cables. It is also used for natural gas and offshore oil applications, chemical transportation, and transportation of sewage and slurries.

All are the thermosetting plastics.

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a thermoplastic engineering polymer, that is used as an insulator in the electrical and electronics industries. It is a thermoplastic (semi-)crystalline polymer, and a type of polyester.