Political and Economic Systems

The Indian economy at independence exhibited feudal characteristics due to the land tenure systems and capitalist elements introduced by the British to facilitate trade and resource extraction.

Marx argued that the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would inevitably lead to a revolution, resulting in the abolition of class distinctions and the establishment of a classless society.

The Hegelian dialectic, which Marx adapted, posits that history progresses through the conflict of opposing forces (thesis and antithesis), resulting in a new synthesis.

The Red Shirts were the volunteer army led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, whose primary goal was the liberation and unification of Italy.

Confucian philosophy placed agriculture at the top of the social hierarchy, viewing it as the foundation of a stable state. Commerce was often viewed with suspicion as it was considered non-productive.

Utopians, such as Robert Owen, sought to create ideal communities where property was shared and work was organized for the benefit of all members.

Laissez-faire economists, like Adam Smith, argued that the government should not interfere in the economy and that a free market would naturally lead to prosperity.

The French social structure was divided into three Estates: the First Estate (clergy), the Second Estate (nobility), and the Third Estate (everyone else).

A stable political environment provides the security and legal framework necessary for individuals to invest in and start new businesses (entrepreneurship).

Industrialization refers to the shift from agrarian or hand-crafted economies to those dominated by machine manufacturing and factory systems. The other options describe social or political concepts rather than economic production methods.

Glasnost, a policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev, literally means openness and allowed for greater freedom of speech and transparency in the Soviet government.

Co-existence is needed in a country like India to achieve Unity in Diversity. If Indians who have innumerable castes, religions, languages, and culture could achieve co-existence, it becomes an ideal to the world in general. A conflictless society supports peace and non-violence. With this, one can think all are one. 

Karl Marx is the author of 'Das Kapital', a foundational text in socialist thought and historical materialism.

A philosophical basis of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was the combination of relief, recovery, and reform.