Plant Transport and Physiology

Root pressure is absent in gymnosperms. Transpiration causes negative water vapour pressure in surrounding cells of a leaf. Once this happens, water is pulled into the leaves from surrounding vascular tissues.

Plants like cottonwood which draw water from the water table are called phreatophytes. These plants are supplied with surface water and often have their roots in touch with moisture.

In symplast pathway, water moves through protoplasts connected by plasmodesmata. It is a slow pathway affected by the metabolic state of roots.

Flow of water through plants and soil is driven by gradient in hydrostatic pressure over macroscopic distances, by water potential across semipermeable membrane and by diffusion as water vapour from the leaves to the atmosphere.

According to Chambering theory (1884), ascent of sap takes place due to rhythmic change in the osmotic pressure of living cells of xylem parenchyma.

The division of xylem into small vessel pipes helps in ascent of sap by reducing embolism. It is based on Murray's law.

The use of ‘and’ before outer reaches of space conveys that the two terms are in continuity. ‘Atmosphere’ conveys the necessary meaning.

Sclerenchyma is found in the stem and the veins of leaves. It provides strength to the plant body.

Phloem is responsible for the transport of food from the leaves to different parts of the plant. It is a living tissue made mostly of sieve cells and companion cells.

Tracheids are the components of xylem that conduct water from the roots to the leaves. These are elongated cells with thick, and lignified walls.

Xylem is mostly made of dead cells.

This is the correct option as this statement is false because prominent symptom of manganese toxicity is the appearance of brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins.

The plasma membrane controls the movement of water, ions, nutrients, and waste products into and out of the cell through selective permeability. It does not synthesize proteins (that's ribosomes) or specifically protect plant cell organelles (that's the cell wall's job).

Hydraulic turgor pressure creates rigidity in cell walls.

A non-vascular plant usually grows in moist and shady places.