Optics and Light Properties

The molecules of water and other fine particles in the atmosphere scatter light of shorter wavelengths at the blue end than light of longer wavelengths at the red end. Thus, when sunlight passes through water and air, the fine particles scatter the blue color more strongly than red. This scattered blue light enters our eyes and makes the ocean and sky appear blue. Near the horizon sunlight passes through thicker layers of air having larger particles that scatter light of longer wavelength such as the red end of the spectrum. Also it travels larger distance at horizon causing most of the light of shorter wavelength at the blue end of the spectrum to scatter away by the small particles of the atmosphere before reaching the earth.

Red light is the least scattered by fine particles, fog or smoke present in the atmosphere which makes it easier to detect it clearly and distinctly to avoid any obstruction.

When a beam of light passes through colloidal solution, it gets scattered causing the light beam to become visible. 

The molecules of air and other fine particles in the atmosphere have size smaller than the wavelength of visible light. These are more effective in scattering light of shorter wavelengths at the blue end. This scattered blue light enters our eyes and makes the ocean and sky appear blue.

The molecules of air and other fine particles in the atmosphere have size smaller than the wavelength of visible light. These are more effective in scattering light of shorter wavelengths at the blue end. Whereas, larger particles scatter light of longer wavelengths at the red end.

Violet light scatters the most while red light scatters the least because violet has shorter wavelength and red light has larger.

Scattering occurs when light passes through canopy of dense forests. 

Phenomenon of scattering occurs when light is incident on very small particles and is deflected as a result of it. 

The colour of a colloidal solution depends on the wavelength of the light scattered by the dispersed particles, which in turn depends on the size and the nature of particle.
The colour of water in sea is blue on the scattering of light by water.

Dispersion optical phenomena the splitting of white light into seven constituent colors occur. These colors are often observed as light passes through a triangular prism. Upon passage through the prism, the white light is separated into its component colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The separation of visible light into its different colors is known as dispersion. It was mentioned in the ight and color unit that each color is characteristic of a distinct wave frequency and different frequencies of light waves will bend varying amounts upon passage through a prism. 

After scattering of light by small particles, it spreads in all directions. Hence, the intensity of the scattered light in a direction is smaller then the intensity of the incident light wave.

Tyndall Effect is observed in many natural phenomenon. It involves the scattering of light in a colloidal solution by fine particles. Some common phenomenon include the sunlight entering through forest canopy, sunlight entering a dark room from a small hole and light passed through a milk solution. Speed of light in a medium is defined by the refractive index of the medium. It is maximum for vacuum and is given by the value $3 \times 10^8\ m/s$.

The Tyndall Effect (Tyndall scattering), is light scattering by particles in a colloid or else particles in a very fine suspension. The amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelength and hence the colour of the colloidal solution is the same as the least coloured wavelength.

After scattering, light is spread in all directions and hence the direction of propagation changes. Wavelength, speed and frequency of the light remains unchanged during the process. Also, the intensity of the light ray in a direction changes.

Scattering is the process of absorption and then re-emission of light energy by particles smaller than the wavelength of the incident light ray.