Optical Instruments and Human Eye

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy uses a prism to split light into two beams that pass through the specimen and are then recombined to create contrast based on optical path differences.

Scanning probe microscopes, such as the AFM or STM, are known for extremely high magnification capabilities, often reaching into the range of 1000x or significantly higher depending on the specific application and setup.

Fluorescent microscope is a modification of ultraviolet microscope, which was made by Coons. The instrument uses long wave ultra violet rays for illumination. The microscope is useful in detecting those components which show autofluorescence, e.g., chlorophyll, collagen fibrils, vitamin A.

The electron microscope provides much higher resolution than a light microscope because electrons have a much shorter wavelength than visible light photons, allowing for the visualization of much smaller structures.

In a standard light microscope, the condenser is used to focus light onto the specimen, but it does not contribute to the magnification or the formation of the final image seen by the eye, unlike the objective and ocular lenses.

Fluorescence microscopy does not use normal (white) light to view molecules; it uses specific excitation wavelengths (often UV or blue) to trigger fluorescence emission, making option A the false statement.

The field of view in a microscope is inversely proportional to the magnification of the lenses. Using lower power lenses (10x eyepiece and 5x objective) results in the widest field of view compared to higher magnification combinations.

Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light. Here, the emitted light has a longer wavelength and, therefore, lower energy than the absorbed radiation.

Phase contrast microscopy is particularly important in biology. It reveals many cellular structures that are not visible with a simpler bright field microscope. These structures were made visible to earlier microscopists by staining, but this required additional preparation and killed the cells. The phase contrast microscope made it possible for biologists to study living cells and how they proliferate through cell division. After its invention in the early 1930s, phase contrast microscopy proved to be such an advancement in microscopy, that its inventor Frits Zernike was awarded the Nobel prize in 1953.

The microscope is the instrument used to magnify the image of an object that we cannot see by our naked eyes. It is of two types on the basis of a number of lenses, simple microscope, and compound microscope. A light microscope is a compound microscope that uses focused light and two lenses to magnify a specimen.

The compound microscope is the instrument used to magnify the image of the object that we cannot see by naked eyes. It uses two lenses or lens systems, one is the objective lens which enlarged the image of the object and the second is an ocular lens which magnifies the image formed by the first. The total magnification is the product of the magnifications of two lens systems. Hence, the microscope which has a 10X objective lens and 10X ocular lens, it would magnify the object by 10 × 10 = 100 times. 

The human eye and a camera function differently. The eye uses a dynamic, biological process involving the brain for interpretation, whereas a camera uses a mechanical lens and a static sensor to capture light.