Newtonian Mechanics and Forces

Motion is relative because it is always described in relation to a chosen reference frame; an object can be in motion relative to one observer but at rest relative to another.

Free fall describes the motion of an object where gravity is the only force acting upon it. Air resistance is ignored in this idealized physical model.

Vector quantities are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction. Velocity, acceleration, and weight all require a direction to be fully defined.

In projectile motion, gravity acts only in the vertical direction, causing the vertical component of velocity to change constantly. The horizontal component remains constant if air resistance is neglected.

Speed is a scalar quantity representing how fast an object moves. Velocity is a vector quantity that includes both the speed and the direction of motion.

In projectile motion, the horizontal and vertical components of motion are independent. This means the horizontal velocity does not affect the vertical acceleration due to gravity.

In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration regardless of their mass. This is a fundamental principle of gravity.

Gravity is the force that acts on a satellite in orbit, providing the necessary centripetal force to keep it moving in a curved path around the Earth.

According to Newton's first law, an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net force. If we ignore friction, there is no horizontal force acting on the ball, so it does not accelerate horizontally.

By definition, free-falling objects are those moving under the sole influence of gravity. While air resistance exists in reality, the term 'free fall' specifically excludes it.

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Since velocity includes direction, acceleration can occur even if speed remains constant (e.g., circular motion).

Friction, air resistance, and gravity are all types of forces. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, not a force.

Solids have least amount of kinetic energy. When the kinetic energy increases, the velocity of particles increases. The particles collide with a greater force. Thus, the ordered arrangement of solid breaks which results in phase change.

The mass of a body is a measure of its inertia. By definition, inertia is the resistance to a change in the state of motion of a physical object. Mass is, therefore, a measure of inertia.

Pascal's Principle states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container.