Modern Indian History

Khilafat Movement was organized by the Ali brothers- Shaukat and Muḥammad Ali to protest against the injustice done to Turkey. It was an agitation by Indian Muslims, allied with Indian nationalists, to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam after World War I. In early 1919 a Khilafat Committee which demanded that the Khalifa’s control over Muslim sacred places be restored and he should be left with sufficient territories.

Non-cooperation movement was a movement organized by Mahatma Gandhi, to induce the British government of India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. The movement was suspended in February 1922 on account of Chauri Chaura incident. In Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and protesters of the movement. Gandhi decided to discontinue the movement as the principle of ahimsa or nonviolence was violated and the Congress Working Committee met at Bardoli on 12th February 1922 to suspend the mass movement.

The Khilafat movement was an agitation by Indian Muslims, allied with Indian nationalists, to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam after World War I. The leaders joined forces with Mahatma Gandhi’s noncooperation movement for Indian freedom, promising nonviolence in return for his support of the Khilafat movement. It had lost its relevance when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk had abolished the Caliphate.

Non-cooperation movement was a movement organized by Mohandas Gandhi, to induce the British government of India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. The movement was suspended in February 1922 on account of Chauri Chaura incident. In Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and protesters of the movement. Gandhi discontinued the movement as the principle of ahimsa or nonviolence was violated.

Rowlatt Act allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted imprisonment of suspects without trial. It was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in February 1919. Gandhi organized a hartal, a form of protest through non-violence by stoppage of work and going on hunger strike.

Non-cooperation movement was a movement organized by Mohandas Gandhi, to induce the British government of India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. Another objective was the restoration of the old status of the Caliph. Lord Reading was the Viceroy during which the Non-cooperation Movement had reached climax and was abruptly withdrawn in 1922.

Non-cooperation movement was an attempt organized by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 to induce the British government of India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. It involved boycott of foreign goods, surrendering all titles and honorary offices and resign from nominated seats in local bodies, etc. It was suddenly adjourned due to the violent Chauri Chaura incident in 1922.

Rowlatt Act allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted imprisonment of suspects without trial. It was immediately followed by the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. It was the incident in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in Amritsar killing several hundred people and wounding many hundreds more. On 13 April 1919, thousands of people were gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. General Dyer arrived there with armed troops and ordered  ruthless firing on the uninformed crowd. 

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was the incident in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in Amritsar killing several hundred people and wounding many hundreds more. On 13 April 1919, thousands of people were gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. General Dyer arrived there with armed troops and ordered  ruthless firing on the uninformed crowd. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in condemnation of the tragedy.

The special session of the Indian National Congress held in Calcutta in September 1920, presided over by Lala Lajpat Rai, officially adopted the Non-cooperation resolution.

Rabindranath Tagore was critical of the burning of foreign clothes during the Non-Cooperation Movement, describing it as insensate waste because he believed it was a negative approach that did not address the root causes of poverty.

Khilafat movement was originally in support of Caliph who was the religious head of the Muslims. Gandhiji saw an opportunity for a Hindu-Muslim mass movement and hence joined his non-cooperation with the khilafat issue. It was started in the year 1919. The non-cooperation movement started to spread in different parts of the country.

In September 1921, the Ali brothers (Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) were arrested who had started the movement. Moreover, Gandhiji suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri Chaura incident. He was arrested in 1922. A few months after his arrest, the Caliph or the Sultan of Turkey was deposed of his power due to a revolution led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha.

Khilafat movement was originally in support of the Caliph who was also the religious leader of the Muslims. It was led by Mohammad Ali & Shaukat Ali to support the Caliph.

In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ram Chandra - a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses.