Medieval and Islamic History

Razia Sultan was the daughter of Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, the third ruler of the Mamluk dynasty. She succeeded him to become the first female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.

Here a characteristic of a noun (i.e. Akbar) is discussed. Now, neither the word 'great starts with a vowel sound, nor it is the case of superlative degree. Thus, option 2 ans 3 are eliminated. Also, Akbar was one of the greatest kings. So, article 'a' is the correct usage.

The Jama Masjid of Delhi was commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and completed in 1656. It is one of the largest and best-known mosques in India, built using red sandstone and white marble.

Firoze Shah Tughlaq was a prolific builder who founded several important cities in North India, including Hisar, Fatehabad, Firozabad, and Jaunpur. He is also known for his extensive irrigation works and canals.

Din-i-Ilahi was an ethical system and syncretic religious movement introduced by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1582. It aimed to unify the diverse religious beliefs of his subjects into a single code of conduct.

In Mughal administration, 'Khalisa' referred to lands whose entire revenue was directly deposited into the central imperial treasury. This was distinct from 'Jagir' lands, where revenue was assigned to officials in lieu of salary.

Akbar abolished the Jaziya tax in 1564 as part of his policy of religious tolerance and to win the support of his non-Muslim subjects. Jaziya was a per capita tax levied on non-Muslim citizens in an Islamic state.

Aurangzeb reimposed the Jaziya tax in 1679, more than a century after it had been abolished by Akbar. This move was part of his more orthodox Islamic policies and caused significant resentment among his non-Muslim subjects.

Emperor Jahangir installed the 'Zanjir-i-Adl' (Chain of Justice) at the Agra Fort to allow subjects to seek justice directly from the king. It was a golden chain with 60 bells that could be pulled by anyone seeking a royal hearing.

Ajmer was founded in the late 11th or early 12th century by Raja Ajaypal Chauhan (also known as Ajayadeva). The city served as a strategic capital for the Chauhan dynasty before the capital shifted to Delhi.

The Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves in Odisha were carved out during the reign of King Kharavela (Karavelu) of the Mahameghavahana dynasty. These caves served as residential quarters for Jain monks and contain the famous Hathigumpha inscription.

Qutubuddin Aibak founded the Slave Dynasty (also known as the Mamluk Dynasty) in 1206. He was a general of Muhammad Ghori and became the first Sultan of Delhi. Iltutmish was his successor who consolidated the empire, but Aibak is credited with its establishment.

Islam was founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century CE in the Arabian Peninsula.

Abu Bakr was the first Caliph of Islam, succeeding the Prophet Muhammad as the leader of the Muslim community.