Reasoning

Logic and Fallacies

1,716 Questions

Understand the fundamentals of propositional logic, logical inference rules, and paradoxes. This set includes identifying logical fallacies, including those found in classical Nyaya logic. Strong grasp of these concepts is crucial for scoring well in the reasoning sections of competitive tests.

Propositional logic modelsLogical inference rulesTypes of logical fallaciesParadoxes and contingent truthsNyaya logic concepts

Logic and Fallacies Questions

Multiple choice

What is the general rule of evidence?

  1. All evidence is admissible.

  2. No evidence is admissible.

  3. Only relevant evidence is admissible.

  4. Only reliable evidence is admissible.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The general rule of evidence is that only relevant evidence is admissible. This means that evidence must be probative of a fact that is at issue in the case in order to be admitted.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is an example of a contingent truth?

  1. The sun is a star.

  2. Paris is the capital of France.

  3. The sky is blue.

  4. All bachelors are unmarried.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The statement 'Paris is the capital of France' is a contingent truth because it is not true in all possible worlds.

Multiple choice

What is the axiological fallacy?

  1. The fallacy of deriving an ought from an is.

  2. The fallacy of deriving a value from a fact.

  3. The fallacy of deriving a moral judgment from a non-moral judgment.

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

All of the above answers are correct. The axiological fallacy is the fallacy of deriving an ought from an is, a value from a fact, or a moral judgment from a non-moral judgment.

Multiple choice

Which of these is an example of an impossible entity?

  1. A square circle

  2. A married bachelor

  3. A flying elephant

  4. A talking tree
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A square circle is an impossible entity because it combines two contradictory properties: being square and being circular.

Multiple choice

What is the term for an entity that is not self-contradictory but cannot exist in reality due to external factors?

  1. Necessary Entity

  2. Possible Entity

  3. Impossible Entity

  4. Contingent Entity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Contingent entities are those whose existence depends on certain conditions or circumstances.

Multiple choice

Which of these is an example of a contingent entity?

  1. A unicorn

  2. A mathematical proof

  3. The color red

  4. The concept of justice
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The color red is a contingent entity because its existence depends on the presence of light and the human visual system.

Multiple choice

What is the term for an entity that is both possible and necessary?

  1. Necessary Entity

  2. Possible Entity

  3. Impossible Entity

  4. Contingent Entity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Necessary entities are those whose existence is logically required and cannot be denied without contradiction.

Multiple choice

What is the term for an entity that is both possible and contingent?

  1. Necessary Entity

  2. Possible Entity

  3. Impossible Entity

  4. Contingent Entity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Contingent entities are those whose existence is not logically required and depends on certain conditions or circumstances.

Multiple choice

Which of these is an example of a contingent entity that is also possible?

  1. A unicorn

  2. The number zero

  3. The concept of time

  4. The existence of God
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A unicorn is a contingent entity because its existence is not logically required and depends on certain conditions or circumstances. It is also possible because it does not violate any fundamental logical principles.

Multiple choice

What is the term for an entity that is both necessary and impossible?

  1. Necessary Entity

  2. Possible Entity

  3. Impossible Entity

  4. Contingent Entity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Impossible entities are those whose existence is logically contradictory and cannot be conceived without contradiction.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is a type of moral argument that attempts to prove the truth of a moral claim by appealing to the consequences of that claim?

  1. Deductive argument

  2. Inductive argument

  3. Consequentialist argument

  4. Deontological argument
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

A consequentialist argument is a type of moral argument that attempts to prove the truth of a moral claim by appealing to the consequences of that claim. This means that the moral rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the good or bad consequences that it produces.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is a type of moral argument that attempts to prove the truth of a moral claim by appealing to the duties or obligations that we have to others?

  1. Deductive argument

  2. Inductive argument

  3. Consequentialist argument

  4. Deontological argument
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A deontological argument is a type of moral argument that attempts to prove the truth of a moral claim by appealing to the duties or obligations that we have to others. This means that the moral rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by whether or not it violates these duties or obligations.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is a type of moral argument that attempts to prove the truth of a moral claim by appealing to the intrinsic value of certain things?

  1. Deductive argument

  2. Inductive argument

  3. Consequentialist argument

  4. Axiological argument
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

An axiological argument is a type of moral argument that attempts to prove the truth of a moral claim by appealing to the intrinsic value of certain things. This means that the moral rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by whether or not it promotes or harms these intrinsically valuable things.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is a type of moral argument that attempts to prove the truth of a moral claim by appealing to the intuitions of individual people?

  1. Deductive argument

  2. Inductive argument

  3. Consequentialist argument

  4. Intuitionist argument
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

An intuitionist argument is a type of moral argument that attempts to prove the truth of a moral claim by appealing to the intuitions of individual people. This means that the moral rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by whether or not it feels right or wrong to us.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is a type of moral argument that attempts to prove the truth of a moral claim by appealing to the fact that it is in accordance with the laws of nature?

  1. Deductive argument

  2. Inductive argument

  3. Consequentialist argument

  4. Natural law argument
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A natural law argument is a type of moral argument that attempts to prove the truth of a moral claim by appealing to the fact that it is in accordance with the laws of nature. This means that the moral rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by whether or not it is in accordance with the natural order of things.