Reasoning

Logic and Fallacies

1,803 Questions

Understand the fundamentals of propositional logic, logical inference rules, and paradoxes. This set includes identifying logical fallacies, including those found in classical Nyaya logic. Strong grasp of these concepts is crucial for scoring well in the reasoning sections of competitive tests.

Propositional logic modelsLogical inference rulesTypes of logical fallaciesParadoxes and contingent truthsNyaya logic concepts

Logic and Fallacies Questions

Multiple choice maths proofs in mathematics implications principle of mathematical induction different forms of theoretical statements

Let p,q be statements. Negation of statement $p \leftrightarrow  ~ q$, is

  1. $~ q \rightarrow p$
  2. $ ~ p v q$
  3. $p \leftrightarrow q$
  4. $p \rightarrow q$
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
p q ~q $p \leftrightarrow ~q$ $~(p \leftrightarrow ~q)$ $~q \rightarrow p$ $~p v q$ $p \leftrightarrow q$ $p \rightarrow q$
T T F F T T T T T
T F T T F T F F F
F T T T F T T F T
F F F F T F T T T
Multiple choice business organisation and correspondence companies act, 2013 - introduction and characteristics introduction to companies companies act, 2013 company

Choose the correct answers from the following alternatives given
Which amounts to fraud:

  1. false representation as to fact

  2. a mere opinion

  3. a statement of expression

  4. a statement of intention
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Fraud involves a false representation of fact made with the intent to deceive, whereas opinions or intentions do not generally constitute fraud in a legal sense.

Multiple choice

v. to assert something or present it as a fact

  1. postulate

  2. precedent

  3. pinnacle

  4. pragmatic
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

To postulate means to suggest or assume the truth of something as a basis for reasoning or argument. Precedent and pinnacle are nouns, while pragmatic is an adjective, making postulate the only verb option.

Multiple choice

v. to provide evidence for; to back up (a claim)

  1. conventional

  2. contend

  3. convey

  4. corroborate
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Corroborate means to confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding. Conventional is an adjective meaning standard, contend means to assert or struggle, and convey means to transport or communicate.

Multiple choice

Choose the best definition for hypothesis

  1. definition

  2. main idea

  3. data

  4. unproven explanation
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A "hypothesis" is a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. This matches "unproven explanation."

Multiple choice

A tentative (untested) explanation is known as?

  1. theory

  2. idea

  3. hypothesis

  4. conclusion
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

A hypothesis is a proposed, tentative explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through further investigation and experimentation. A theory is a well-tested and widely accepted explanation, while a conclusion is the final decision reached at the end of an investigation.

Multiple choice

What is the format of a hypothesis statement?

  1. If.....then...because....

  2. I believe......

  3. I infer......

  4. I'm sure that....likey....because...
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A scientific hypothesis is typically structured as an "If... then... because..." statement to clearly link the proposed cause, the expected effect, and the underlying scientific reasoning. This format makes the hypothesis testable and easy to evaluate during an experiment.

Multiple choice

An inference is when you

  1. see something happeneing

  2. dream something is happening

  3. use clues to determine what is happening

  4. guess what is happening
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Inference is using evidence and clues to draw conclusions about what is happening, even when you did not directly observe it. It is different from direct observation (seeing it happen) or random guessing.

Multiple choice

What is a Hypothesis?

  1. a tentative explanation for observations or a phenomenon

  2. Involves series of ordered steps

  3. A question

  4. An answer
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A hypothesis is a testable, tentative explanation for an observation or phenomenon that can be supported or refuted through research.

Multiple choice

All are true about logic, except:

  1. logic can’t express everything

  2. logic is a rational agent with all of rationality

  3. logic needs knowledge representation

  4. logic cannot reason a correct conclusion
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Logic is a formal system, but it does not equate to a 'rational agent with all of rationality'. Rationality involves more than just logical deduction, including decision-making under uncertainty.

Multiple choice

An integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses is known as a:

  1. fact.

  2. law.

  3. control.

  4. theory.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that incorporates facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses. Unlike a law, which describes what happens, a theory explains why it happens.

Multiple choice

In the scientific method, a hypothesis

  1. is a statement of fact

  2. makes a prediction that can be tested

  3. is usually proven to be correct

  4. can only be tested once
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that must be testable and falsifiable. It is not a proven fact, nor is it limited to being tested only once.

Multiple choice

Newton's book Principia described three laws of

  1. logic

  2. motion

  3. aritmetic

  4. mapmaking
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Newton's 'Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' is the foundational text that established his three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation.