Lipids, Fats, and Biochemistry

• Glyoxysomes are a type of peroxisomes found in plants and few filamentous fungi.
  
• They are particularly found in fat storage tissues of germinating seeds (peanuts, soybeans etc.) in plants.
•  They contain enzymes (citrate synthase, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase etc.) which are responsible for beta-oxidation of fatty acids,
• It helps in fatty acid oxidation, glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis.
• So, the correct answer is 'Fats'.

• Spherosomes or oleosomes can be defined as small cellular organelles found in plant cells that are enclosed by a single membrane. 
  
• It is mainly responsible for the storage and synthesis of lipid. 
  
• The lipid content in spherosomes is 98% and proteins content is only 2 %.
  
• They are obtained from the endoplasmic reticulum and are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Synthesis and storage of fat'.

Fat corrected milk (FCM) is a standard method used to adjust milk production records to a common fat percentage (usually 4 percent). This allows for a fair comparison of cows that produce different volumes and fat concentrations.

Brown midrib (BMR) corn silage is bred to have lower lignin content. Since lignin is a structural component that limits fiber digestibility, reducing it increases the energy availability and digestibility of the silage.

Water-soluble vitamins are directly absorbed into the intestine and transported to water as they do not require any emulsification because water is free to move in and out but fat soluble liquids absorb into lymph due to their insolubility in water and they need to emulsify before absorption.

Rancidity is the oxidation of oils and fats changing their taste and smell. Specifically, it is the hydrolysis and/or auto-oxidation of fats into short-chain aldehydes and ketones which are objectionable in taste and odour.

Palmitic acid or hexadecanoic acid was discovered by Edmond Fremy. It is commonly found in plants, animals and microorganisms.Its chemical formula is CH$ _3$(CH$ _2$)$ _{14}$COOH.It is a saturated fatty acid.

Essential fatty acids are those that the body cannot synthesize. Linoleic and linolenic acids are essential. Oleic acid is non-essential. Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid, not an unsaturated one.

Steroids are crystallisable lipids having four hydrocarbon rings consisting of three cyclohexane and one cyclopentane ring and a long hydrocarbon side chain. Fatty acids are absent. In animals, sterols are precursors of steroid hormones and vitamin D. Cholesterol is a sterol of animal systems which forms bile salts, is a component of plasma membrane and hormones.

Lanolin is also known as wool fat, wool grease or wool wax. It is secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals. It is obtained by the sheep which has been raised specifically for wool. It helps the sheep to shedd water from their coats and protect them from changing environmental conditions. Wax is a long chain of sterol ester. It is also used in commercial production of lubricants, rust-preventive coatings, shoe polish.

Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature as they have double bonds. The essential fatty acids like alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are unsaturated as they have double bonds. Sunflower oil is a non- volatile oil. It is a mixture of mostly oleic acid (omega-9)-linoleic acid (omega-6). The composition precisely comprises of  59% linoleic acid, oleic acid 30%, stearic acid 6%, and palmitic acid is 5%.

Saturated fatty acids have single bond and are solid at room temperature. Hydrogenation is the process which involves the addition of hydrogen in the presence of nickel, palladium or platinum. On addition of hydrogen, the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids are reduced to saturated fatty acid. Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid as it has single carbon bonds. It has eighteen carbon with chemical formula of  C$ _{18}$H$ _{36}$O$ _2$. It can be produced by saponification of the triglycerides.