Linguistics and Sociolinguistics

Semiotics, also called semiotic studies and including (in the Saussurean tradition) semiology, is the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication. Semiotics is closely related to the field of linguistics, which, for its part, studies the structure and meaning of language more specifically.

Any metalanguage is language or symbols used when language itself is being discussed or examined. In logic and linguistics, a metalanguage is a language used to make statements about statements in another language (the object language). Expressions in a metalanguage are often distinguished from those in an object language by the use of italics, quotation marks, or writing on a separate line.

Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.

Graphemics or graphematics is the linguistic study of writing systems and their basic components, i.e. graphemes.

Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. By an extension, the term the etymology of [a word] means the origin of the particular word.

Philology is the branch of knowledge that deals with the structure, historical development, and relationships of languages. The study of literature and language correctly identifies philology as the academic discipline focusing on linguistic analysis.

Kinesics is the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures or, more formally, non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a whole.

The art and science of dealing with a language is grammar. This is the correct option.

Semiotics is the study of meaning making.

Non-human communication is studied in the field of biosemiotics.

Argumentation theory is the interdisciplinary study of 'how conclusions can be reached through logical reasoning'.

The ways in which languages use sounds or signs to construct meaning are studied in phonology.

Human communication, or anthroposemiotics, is the field dedicated to understanding how people communicate.

Phonotactics is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes.