Indian Rivers and Waterways

The Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River in Odisha and is one of the longest dams in the world. It was the first major multipurpose river valley project after India's independence. The Godavari, Damodar, and Kosi rivers have different dam projects like the Nagarjuna Sagar, Damodar Valley Corporation, and Kosi Project respectively.

The Indira Gandhi Canal (formerly known as Rajasthan Canal) is the longest irrigation canal in India, stretching across 650 km through Rajasthan. It brings water from the Sutlej and Beas rivers to the arid regions of western Rajasthan. The Sirhind, Yamuna, and Upper Bari Doab canals are significant but much smaller in scale.

The Damodar River was historically called the 'Sorrow of Bengal' due to its devastating floods in the Bengal region (now Jharkhand and West Bengal). The Damodar Valley Corporation was established to control this through dams and flood control measures. While Kosi is the 'Sorrow of Bihar' and Gandak causes floods, Damodar specifically earned this Bengal title.

The question asks for the INCORRECT statement. Option B states 'Cauvery flows in Andhra Pradesh' which is false - the Cauvery flows through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, not Andhra Pradesh. All other statements are correct: Narmada does flow in MP, Yamuna in UP, and Jhelum in Punjab. Therefore B is the answer because it contains the incorrect geographical information.

Both Indira Sagar (MP) and Sardar Sarovar (Gujarat) are multipurpose river projects being executed on the Narmada River. Indira Sagar is the largest reservoir in India, and Sardar Sarovar is one of the largest dams and part of the Narmada Valley Project.

Himalayan rivers are perennial because they receive continuous water supply from melting glaciers and snow year-round, unlike purely rainfed rivers. This constant flow makes them crucial for agriculture and water security in northern India.

Coeect answer is (4). 

The Brahmaputra (known as Tsangpo in Tibet) originates near Lake Mansarovar in the Tibetan Plateau. It enters India through Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Assam before entering Bangladesh. The Indus and Sutlej also originate in this region, but Brahmaputra is the correct answer here.

Jog Falls (Gersoppa Falls) is the second-highest plunge waterfall in India, located on the Sharavati River in Karnataka. It cascades from a height of about 253 meters. The Sharavati flows westward through the Western Ghats before draining into the Arabian Sea.

The Hooghly River's estuary is the largest in India, forming where the Hooghly (a distributary of the Ganga) meets the Bay of Bengal. This estuary hosts the major Port of Kolkata and Haldia. The Sundarbans delta region is formed here. While the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta is larger overall, the specific estuary at the river mouth refers to the Hooghly's opening. The Bhagirathi is another name for the same river upstream.

Correct answer is (2). 

The Kosi river has two main tributaries - the Arun and the Tamus rivers, both originating in the Himalayas. The Kavery (Cauvery) flows in South India and is not connected to the Kosi system. The Kosi is a major tributary of the Ganga in the Bihar-Nepal region.

Mettur Dam is built across the Kaveri (Cauvery) River at Salem district in Tamil Nadu. It is one of the largest dams in India and serves multiple purposes including irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and water supply. The other rivers listed (Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra) are major peninsular rivers but not the site of Mettur Dam.

The Almatti Dam is constructed across the Krishna River in Karnataka. It's a major hydroelectric and irrigation project. The other rivers listed flow through different regions - Tungabhadra (tributary of Krishna), Godavari (peninsular India), and Sharavathi (Karnataka, known for Jog Falls).

The Union government constituted a tribunal to settle the dispute over Mahadayi's waters between Karnataka and Goa (where it is called Mandovi). Inter-State River Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956 comes into picture when the Union Government receives request under Section 3 of the Act from any of the basin States with regard to existence of water dispute. Inter-state water disputes presently referred to the Central Government under ISRWD Act-1956 are related to Cauvery, Krishna, Ravi & Beas, Mahadayi and Vansadhara Rivers. The Act provides for settlement of disputes by negotiations failing which referring such dispute to a tribunal for adjudication. The decision of the tribunal shall have same force as an order or decree of the Supreme Court.