Indian Philosophy

Turiya is not a type of mental state according to the Advaita Vedanta school of Indian philosophy. Jagrat, Swapna, and Sushupti are the three states of consciousness that are described in the Upanishads. Turiya is the fourth state of consciousness, which is beyond the three states of consciousness.

Smriti is the term used in Indian philosophy to refer to the faculty of memory. It is the faculty that allows us to remember things that we have experienced in the past.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, atoms are considered to be the fundamental building blocks of the universe, the indivisible and indestructible units from which all objects are composed.

The six categories of existence in Vaisheshika philosophy are substance, quality, action, generality, particularity, and inherence. These categories are used to analyze and classify all objects and phenomena in the universe.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'dravya' refers to substance, which is the fundamental entity that exists independently and serves as the basis for all other categories. Substances are further classified into nine types, including earth, water, fire, air, space, time, direction, soul, and mind.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'guna' refers to quality, which is an attribute or property that inheres in a substance. Qualities are further classified into 24 types, including color, taste, smell, touch, sound, number, size, and weight.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'karma' refers to action, which is any activity or movement that produces an effect. Actions are further classified into three types: physical, verbal, and mental.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'samanya' refers to generality, which is a common characteristic or property shared by multiple substances or objects. Generalities are further classified into five types, including genus, species, quality, action, and relation.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'vishesha' refers to particularity, which is the unique characteristic or property that distinguishes one substance or object from another. Particularities are further classified into two types: absolute and relative.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'samavaya' refers to inherence, which is the relationship between a substance and its qualities or actions. Inherence is considered to be a fundamental relation that holds the universe together.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'karyakarana' refers to cause and effect, which is the relationship between a cause and its effect. Causes are further classified into four types: efficient, material, instrumental, and non-efficient.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'anumana' refers to inference, which is a method of acquiring knowledge through logical reasoning. Inference is further classified into three types: deductive, inductive, and analogical.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'abhava' refers to non-existence, which is the absence or negation of something. Non-existence is further classified into two types: absolute and relative.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'dravya-guna-karma-samanya-vishesha-samavaya' refers to the six categories of existence: substance, quality, action, generality, particularity, and inherence.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, 'nitya-anitya' refers to eternal and non-eternal, which is a classification of substances based on their temporal existence. Eternal substances are those that exist throughout time, while non-eternal substances are those that come into being and pass away.