Indian Law and Jurisprudence

The "Doctrine of Relation Back" is the principle that an act done at a later time is deemed by law to have occurred at a prior time. Section 47 of the Registration Act, 1908 provides that a registered document shall operate from the time from which it would have commenced to operate if no registration thereof had been required or made, and not from the time of its registration.

Under section 6 of the Limitation Act, these words are used: "person entitled to institute a suit". This states that section 6 can only be availed by plaintiff.

A registered document shall operate from the time from which it would have commenced to operate if no registration thereof had been required or made, and not from the time of its registration.

Power to ascertain net profits or market-value under the Court-fees Act, 1870 is provided in section 9.

Rights and liabilities of beneficiaries are provided under chapter VI and sections 55 to 69 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882.

Computation of fees payable in certain suits under the Court-fees Act, 1870 is provided in section 7.

The ‘Principle of Confidentiality’ in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 is laid down in section 75. It provides that the conciliator and the parties shall keep confidential all matters relating to the conciliation proceedings. 

Labour Courts under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 are constituted under section 7 as the appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, constitute one or more Labour Courts for the adjudication of industrial disputes relating to any matter specified in the Second Schedule and for performing such other functions as may be assigned to them under this Act.

The general principles on which the perpetual injunctions could be granted under the Specific Relief Act are contained in section 38.

Section 163-A of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 provides for special provisions as to payment of compensation on structured formula basis.

Option (3) is correct: The Indian Penal Code does not state transportation for life as a punishment.

Option (1) is correct: Whoever voluntarily causes hurt to any person being a public servant in the discharge of his duty as such public servant, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years or with fine, or with both.

Option (1) is incorrect: Causing grevious hurt by dangerous weapon shall be punished with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment of either description for a term, which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine. Option (2) is correct: Whoever commits gang rape, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term, which shall not be less than ten years, but which may be for life and shall also be liable to fine. Option (3) is incorrect: Whoever commits dacoity shall be punished with imprisonment for life or with rigorous imprisonment for a term, which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine. Option (4) is incorrect: Whoever commits criminal breach of trust in respect of the property, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment of either description for a term, which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine.

Section 29 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 provides for alternative prayer for rescission in a suit for specific performance. This allows a plaintiff to alternatively seek rescission of contract if specific performance cannot be granted. The section specifically deals with this alternative remedy.

Rectification of instruments is provided under Section 26 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963. This section allows for the correction of written instruments that do not express the true intention of the parties due to fraud or mutual mistake. Rectification is the specific remedy dealt with in Section 26.