Fundamental and Human Rights

The Declaration of Independence explicitly lists life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as the unalienable rights with which all men are endowed by their Creator.

The Declaration asserts that when a government becomes destructive of the ends of protecting rights, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it and to institute a new government.

The Indian Constitution guarantees several Fundamental Rights, including the Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, and Right against Exploitation. Therefore, all of these are correct.

The Declaration of Independence explicitly lists life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as unalienable rights. Property is a Lockeian concept but not the specific phrase used in the Declaration.

The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment protects citizens' rights to practice their religion as they please, as long as the practice does not run afoul of public morals or a compelling governmental interest. The Establishment Clause, by contrast, prevents the government from establishing a national religion. The Elastic Clause and Eminent Domain deal with legislative power and property rights, respectively.

Kant's duty-based ethics (deontology) asserts that individuals have intrinsic value and must never be treated merely as means to an end. This principle of respecting human dignity provides a robust philosophical foundation for the concept of inviolable human rights.

During a National Emergency in India, declared under Article 352 of the Constitution, certain Fundamental Rights of citizens can be suspended. Specifically, Article 19 (which guarantees freedoms like speech and assembly) is automatically suspended, and the right to move courts for the enforcement of other rights can also be suspended by presidential order. Moral and political rights are not formal constitutional categories suspended in this manner.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, a foundational document of the French Revolution, established equality before the law, protected fundamental freedoms, and shifted sovereignty from the monarch to the nation.

John Locke famously argued that all individuals possess natural rights, which he described as unalienable, meaning they cannot be taken away or surrendered.

The Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) allows citizens to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights, which is essential for protecting the integrity of the Constitution.

The Indian Constitution provides the Right against Exploitation, which specifically prohibits human trafficking, forced labor, and child labor. This is covered under Articles 23 and 24.

The principle of equality before the law is a core component of the Right to Equality, guaranteed under Article 14 of the Indian Constitution.

Option A correctly states that every person has the right to practice and profess their religion of choice. Option B mentions religious freedom is provided to all citizens, which is also a correct expression of the same principle. Therefore 'both a and b' is the right answer. Option C is wrong because people do have permission to follow religions.