English Reading Comprehension

Pretend

Directions: Read the passage and select appropriate contextual meanings for the words underlined.

Days passed. The crocodile's wife was feeling more and more eager to eat the monkey's heart. So she thought of a plan to get the monkey there. One day the crocodile's wife pretended to be very ill. The crocodile was sad to see his wife ill. He sat by her and said, "What shall I do to help you?”
"I am very ill," said the wife. "I asked the doctor and he said that I would get well only if I ate a monkey's heart".
The crocodile began to think.  As a husband he had to protect his wife.  It was his duty. He decided to save the life of his wife. He went to see the monkey. The monkey was wondering why the crocodile was late that day and when he saw the crocodile he asked, "Why, my friend, why are you so late? Did you meet with an accident on the way?”
"No accident", said the crocodile. "My wife and I had a quarrel. She said that I was not your friend. You have done so much for us, yet I have not invited you home. She has asked me to take you home today. She wants to meet you."
"How sweet of her to ask me home!” said the monkey. "I would also like to meet her. But how can I go there? You live in water and I shall be drowned if I try to get to your home."
"We live on the river bank", said the crocodile. "I can easily take you there. You can ride on my back while I swim."
The monkey thought it was a good idea. He felt happy that he had such good friends.
The monkey and the crocodile set out for the home of the crocodile. The monkey sat on the crocodile's back and the crocodile started swimming up the river. When they reached the middle of the river the crocodile began to dive. The monkey was frightened. "Hey," he cried. "What are you doing? I shall be drowned if you go down any further."

Protect

Directions: Read the passage and select appropriate contextual meanings for the words underlined.

Days passed. The crocodile's wife was feeling more and more eager to eat the monkey's heart. So she thought of a plan to get the monkey there. One day the crocodile's wife pretended to be very ill. The crocodile was sad to see his wife ill. He sat by her and said, "What shall I do to help you?”
"I am very ill," said the wife. "I asked the doctor and he said that I would get well only if I ate a monkey's heart".
The crocodile began to think.  As a husband he had to protect his wife.  It was his duty. He decided to save the life of his wife. He went to see the monkey. The monkey was wondering why the crocodile was late that day and when he saw the crocodile he asked, "Why, my friend, why are you so late? Did you meet with an accident on the way?”
"No accident", said the crocodile. "My wife and I had a quarrel. She said that I was not your friend. You have done so much for us, yet I have not invited you home. She has asked me to take you home today. She wants to meet you."
"How sweet of her to ask me home!” said the monkey. "I would also like to meet her. But how can I go there? You live in water and I shall be drowned if I try to get to your home."
"We live on the river bank", said the crocodile. "I can easily take you there. You can ride on my back while I swim."
The monkey thought it was a good idea. He felt happy that he had such good friends.
The monkey and the crocodile set out for the home of the crocodile. The monkey sat on the crocodile's back and the crocodile started swimming up the river. When they reached the middle of the river the crocodile began to dive. The monkey was frightened. "Hey," he cried. "What are you doing? I shall be drowned if you go down any further."

Eager

Directions: Read the passage and select appropriate contextual meanings for the words underlined.

Days passed. The crocodile's wife was feeling more and more eager to eat the monkey's heart. So she thought of a plan to get the monkey there. One day the crocodile's wife pretended to be very ill. The crocodile was sad to see his wife ill. He sat by her and said, "What shall I do to help you?”
"I am very ill," said the wife. "I asked the doctor and he said that I would get well only if I ate a monkey's heart".
The crocodile began to think.  As a husband he had to protect his wife.  It was his duty. He decided to save the life of his wife. He went to see the monkey. The monkey was wondering why the crocodile was late that day and when he saw the crocodile he asked, "Why, my friend, why are you so late? Did you meet with an accident on the way?”
"No accident", said the crocodile. "My wife and I had a quarrel. She said that I was not your friend. You have done so much for us, yet I have not invited you home. She has asked me to take you home today. She wants to meet you."
"How sweet of her to ask me home!” said the monkey. "I would also like to meet her. But how can I go there? You live in water and I shall be drowned if I try to get to your home."
"We live on the river bank", said the crocodile. "I can easily take you there. You can ride on my back while I swim."
The monkey thought it was a good idea. He felt happy that he had such good friends.
The monkey and the crocodile set out for the home of the crocodile. The monkey sat on the crocodile's back and the crocodile started swimming up the river. When they reached the middle of the river the crocodile began to dive. The monkey was frightened. "Hey," he cried. "What are you doing? I shall be drowned if you go down any further."

Further

Directions: Read the passage and select appropriate contextual meanings for the words underlined.

Days passed. The crocodile's wife was feeling more and more eager to eat the monkey's heart. So she thought of a plan to get the monkey there. One day the crocodile's wife pretended to be very ill. The crocodile was sad to see his wife ill. He sat by her and said, "What shall I do to help you?”
"I am very ill," said the wife. "I asked the doctor and he said that I would get well only if I ate a monkey's heart".
The crocodile began to think.  As a husband he had to protect his wife.  It was his duty. He decided to save the life of his wife. He went to see the monkey. The monkey was wondering why the crocodile was late that day and when he saw the crocodile he asked, "Why, my friend, why are you so late? Did you meet with an accident on the way?”
"No accident", said the crocodile. "My wife and I had a quarrel. She said that I was not your friend. You have done so much for us, yet I have not invited you home. She has asked me to take you home today. She wants to meet you."
"How sweet of her to ask me home!” said the monkey. "I would also like to meet her. But how can I go there? You live in water and I shall be drowned if I try to get to your home."
"We live on the river bank", said the crocodile. "I can easily take you there. You can ride on my back while I swim."
The monkey thought it was a good idea. He felt happy that he had such good friends.
The monkey and the crocodile set out for the home of the crocodile. The monkey sat on the crocodile's back and the crocodile started swimming up the river. When they reached the middle of the river the crocodile began to dive. The monkey was frightened. "Hey," he cried. "What are you doing? I shall be drowned if you go down any further."

Ride

Directions: Read the passage and select appropriate contextual meanings for the words underlined.

Days passed. The crocodile's wife was feeling more and more eager to eat the monkey's heart. So she thought of a plan to get the monkey there. One day the crocodile's wife pretended to be very ill. The crocodile was sad to see his wife ill. He sat by her and said, "What shall I do to help you?”
"I am very ill," said the wife. "I asked the doctor and he said that I would get well only if I ate a monkey's heart".
The crocodile began to think.  As a husband he had to protect his wife.  It was his duty. He decided to save the life of his wife. He went to see the monkey. The monkey was wondering why the crocodile was late that day and when he saw the crocodile he asked, "Why, my friend, why are you so late? Did you meet with an accident on the way?”
"No accident", said the crocodile. "My wife and I had a quarrel. She said that I was not your friend. You have done so much for us, yet I have not invited you home. She has asked me to take you home today. She wants to meet you."
"How sweet of her to ask me home!” said the monkey. "I would also like to meet her. But how can I go there? You live in water and I shall be drowned if I try to get to your home."
"We live on the river bank", said the crocodile. "I can easily take you there. You can ride on my back while I swim."
The monkey thought it was a good idea. He felt happy that he had such good friends.
The monkey and the crocodile set out for the home of the crocodile. The monkey sat on the crocodile's back and the crocodile started swimming up the river. When they reached the middle of the river the crocodile began to dive. The monkey was frightened. "Hey," he cried. "What are you doing? I shall be drowned if you go down any further."

Wondering

Directions: Read the passage and select appropriate contextual meanings for the words underlined.

Days passed. The crocodile's wife was feeling more and more eager to eat the monkey's heart. So she thought of a plan to get the monkey there. One day the crocodile's wife pretended to be very ill. The crocodile was sad to see his wife ill. He sat by her and said, "What shall I do to help you?”
"I am very ill," said the wife. "I asked the doctor and he said that I would get well only if I ate a monkey's heart".
The crocodile began to think.  As a husband he had to protect his wife.  It was his duty. He decided to save the life of his wife. He went to see the monkey. The monkey was wondering why the crocodile was late that day and when he saw the crocodile he asked, "Why, my friend, why are you so late? Did you meet with an accident on the way?”
"No accident", said the crocodile. "My wife and I had a quarrel. She said that I was not your friend. You have done so much for us, yet I have not invited you home. She has asked me to take you home today. She wants to meet you."
"How sweet of her to ask me home!” said the monkey. "I would also like to meet her. But how can I go there? You live in water and I shall be drowned if I try to get to your home."
"We live on the river bank", said the crocodile. "I can easily take you there. You can ride on my back while I swim."
The monkey thought it was a good idea. He felt happy that he had such good friends.
The monkey and the crocodile set out for the home of the crocodile. The monkey sat on the crocodile's back and the crocodile started swimming up the river. When they reached the middle of the river the crocodile began to dive. The monkey was frightened. "Hey," he cried. "What are you doing? I shall be drowned if you go down any further."

Set out

Directions: Read the passage and select appropriate contextual meanings for the words underlined.

Days passed. The crocodile's wife was feeling more and more eager to eat the monkey's heart. So she thought of a plan to get the monkey there. One day the crocodile's wife pretended to be very ill. The crocodile was sad to see his wife ill. He sat by her and said, "What shall I do to help you?”
"I am very ill," said the wife. "I asked the doctor and he said that I would get well only if I ate a monkey's heart".
The crocodile began to think.  As a husband he had to protect his wife.  It was his duty. He decided to save the life of his wife. He went to see the monkey. The monkey was wondering why the crocodile was late that day and when he saw the crocodile he asked, "Why, my friend, why are you so late? Did you meet with an accident on the way?”
"No accident", said the crocodile. "My wife and I had a quarrel. She said that I was not your friend. You have done so much for us, yet I have not invited you home. She has asked me to take you home today. She wants to meet you."
"How sweet of her to ask me home!” said the monkey. "I would also like to meet her. But how can I go there? You live in water and I shall be drowned if I try to get to your home."
"We live on the river bank", said the crocodile. "I can easily take you there. You can ride on my back while I swim."
The monkey thought it was a good idea. He felt happy that he had such good friends.
The monkey and the crocodile set out for the home of the crocodile. The monkey sat on the crocodile's back and the crocodile started swimming up the river. When they reached the middle of the river the crocodile began to dive. The monkey was frightened. "Hey," he cried. "What are you doing? I shall be drowned if you go down any further."

Give the best possible summary of the third paragraph.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

People are definitely a company’s greatest asset. It does not make any difference whether the product is cars or cosmetics. A company is only as good as the people it keeps. The success of any organization depends on how the performers are rewarded and how much the non-performers go unnoticed in the system. Several organizations have called for introducing a robust performance based compensation system that basically fixes accountability on the employees and compensates them accordingly. There are calls for introducing variable pay systems, ESOPs etc. However, practical these solutions might seem at present, the possible fallouts of such systems must be kept in mind. Introducing such systems on the lines of private sector banks will essentially hit at the core of the culture of the public sector banks and the relationship that it has with its employees. And, since it is clear that it will be very difficult for the PSBs to actually pay at the levels of the private sector banks, introducing such a system would essentially mean affecting one thing that still attracts people to such jobs that is the emotional connect in terms of pride etc. Also, it will mean incentivizing managers to take decisions that maximize short-term profits and in the process probably affecting long term prospects.
Keeping in mind the responsibility that the PSBs have towards the society as a whole (something the private counterparts cannot be held accountable for), it is very important that managers at the PSBs take decisions that positively affect the long terms prospects of the banks. Introducing such explicit performance oriented systems can negatively affect the pursuit of such goals. It does not, however, mean that the banks need not lay stress on the performance. Obviously, there is a need to revamp the performance evaluation systems, probably introduce modern systems like 360 degrees appraisal etc. Also, the general compensation levels may need to be looked into and possibly increased as may be possible.
There is a requirement of the introduction of scientific manpower planning. We need to scientifically come up with parameters and benchmarks against which the productivity of the employees can be measured. Welfare of the employees needs to be looked into and it is a very important part of the talent management. There needs to be substantial increase in the allocation of welfare fund for the welfare and especially for the welfare of the retired employees. It is equally important to increase the involvement of the employees in general and the new recruits specially. In this context the policy of reward and punishment must be revamped. Any disciplinary proceeding against an employee regarding procedural lapses must be completed within the shortest possible time. It must be kept in mind that employee faces least mental harassment since the employee is nearly non-productive in this period. The above matters are very important in keeping the motivational level of the employee intact because it is now an established fact that only a motivated employee can deliver results. “The highest reward for a man’s toil is not what he gets for it, but what he becomes by it.”
Creation of congenial climate for talent nurturing calls for creation of atmosphere where employees are adequately and correctly compensated for their performance; and their talents and performances are recognized and appreciated. Apart from having right climate, the other important issues that one looks into before giving a medium to long term commitment for a career, is satisfaction arising from job enrichment/rotation, getting recognition for doing a good job, expectation of performance-based payment, flexibility in terms of job hours and other related aspects, both monetary and non-monetary incentives and a fast track promotion process through which one can look for prospects of a good career ahead. This becomes all the more important because today’s employee compares his job with the kind of job his friend/peer might be having at a private sector counterpart. More flexibility at the level of bank in deciding the compensation level reflecting the capacity of the bank to pay will be a welcome step. Today, all negotiations and settlements are reached at the industry level. There needs to be a difference in the amount being paid at a low-performing and a high performing bank. Such steps will motivate the employees of a bank on the whole to work harder and, more importantly, together. (The Indian Banker, Jan 2012)

Which of the following is the underlying idea of the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

People are definitely a company’s greatest asset. It does not make any difference whether the product is cars or cosmetics. A company is only as good as the people it keeps. The success of any organization depends on how the performers are rewarded and how much the non-performers go unnoticed in the system. Several organizations have called for introducing a robust performance based compensation system that basically fixes accountability on the employees and compensates them accordingly. There are calls for introducing variable pay systems, ESOPs etc. However, practical these solutions might seem at present, the possible fallouts of such systems must be kept in mind. Introducing such systems on the lines of private sector banks will essentially hit at the core of the culture of the public sector banks and the relationship that it has with its employees. And, since it is clear that it will be very difficult for the PSBs to actually pay at the levels of the private sector banks, introducing such a system would essentially mean affecting one thing that still attracts people to such jobs that is the emotional connect in terms of pride etc. Also, it will mean incentivizing managers to take decisions that maximize short-term profits and in the process probably affecting long term prospects.
Keeping in mind the responsibility that the PSBs have towards the society as a whole (something the private counterparts cannot be held accountable for), it is very important that managers at the PSBs take decisions that positively affect the long terms prospects of the banks. Introducing such explicit performance oriented systems can negatively affect the pursuit of such goals. It does not, however, mean that the banks need not lay stress on the performance. Obviously, there is a need to revamp the performance evaluation systems, probably introduce modern systems like 360 degrees appraisal etc. Also, the general compensation levels may need to be looked into and possibly increased as may be possible.
There is a requirement of the introduction of scientific manpower planning. We need to scientifically come up with parameters and benchmarks against which the productivity of the employees can be measured. Welfare of the employees needs to be looked into and it is a very important part of the talent management. There needs to be substantial increase in the allocation of welfare fund for the welfare and especially for the welfare of the retired employees. It is equally important to increase the involvement of the employees in general and the new recruits specially. In this context the policy of reward and punishment must be revamped. Any disciplinary proceeding against an employee regarding procedural lapses must be completed within the shortest possible time. It must be kept in mind that employee faces least mental harassment since the employee is nearly non-productive in this period. The above matters are very important in keeping the motivational level of the employee intact because it is now an established fact that only a motivated employee can deliver results. “The highest reward for a man’s toil is not what he gets for it, but what he becomes by it.”
Creation of congenial climate for talent nurturing calls for creation of atmosphere where employees are adequately and correctly compensated for their performance; and their talents and performances are recognized and appreciated. Apart from having right climate, the other important issues that one looks into before giving a medium to long term commitment for a career, is satisfaction arising from job enrichment/rotation, getting recognition for doing a good job, expectation of performance-based payment, flexibility in terms of job hours and other related aspects, both monetary and non-monetary incentives and a fast track promotion process through which one can look for prospects of a good career ahead. This becomes all the more important because today’s employee compares his job with the kind of job his friend/peer might be having at a private sector counterpart. More flexibility at the level of bank in deciding the compensation level reflecting the capacity of the bank to pay will be a welcome step. Today, all negotiations and settlements are reached at the industry level. There needs to be a difference in the amount being paid at a low-performing and a high performing bank. Such steps will motivate the employees of a bank on the whole to work harder and, more importantly, together. (The Indian Banker, Jan 2012)

Give the best summary of the second paragraph.

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Empowerment is about providing opportunities to individuals to achieve their aspirations while ensuring that community objectives are met. An empowered India is a country that provides opportunities for every child to achieve its potential through education, health care, nutrition, shelter and employment. At the same time, we must ensure that these children advance the interests of the country. To achieve this dream of empowerment, it is necessary to take tough, unpopular and unpleasant decisions.
To push these decisions through, India needs strong political leaders: the leaders who have the courage of conviction, the courage to dream big, to take difficult decisions, and to make sacrifices. The leaders have to be people who can straddle several worlds—the urban and the rural, the modern and the traditional, the rich and the poor, the educated and the illiterate. They have to appreciate the aspirations of all these worlds. They should not believe that development is a zero-sum game where gains to one world mean losses to another.
Politicians often complain that IT sector has created a great divide between the haves and the have-nots, and that it should be checked. Sadly, they believe that the solution is to restrict the growth of the IT industry instead of encouraging the creation of a larger number of such jobs. The leaders have to believe that the only way of our solving the problem of poverty is to create more jobs and shift a large number of people from agriculture to manufacturing and services. They must be open-minded, and willing to learn from the experiences of the leaders across the world. They must aspire to bench-mark India globally. They must be action oriented. We have become too much of a rhetoric satisfied society. Success is about execution.
It is for the top leaders of every political party to demonstrate leadership by example. They must come together and resolve to promote these values for the good of the future generations. This is tough and seems virtually impossible. But ‘a plausible impossibility is better than a convincing possibility’. There is no other way to do this. In the beginning, we may see a few good leaders being cast away quickly. But, once we see this behaviour from a generation of successive leaders, it will become the norm. For example, at one time, it appeared impossible to stem the mass defection of Aayarams and Gayarams from one party to another. The practice came to an end because all our political leaders came together and stopped it. (Excerpted from A Better India A Better World)

Which of the following is the best summary of the fourth paragraph?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Data of educational psychology are obtained in various methods. These methods range in reliability from extremely low to very high. In addition to the questionable validity of the information obtained by research, there are certain risks of inference involved when the results of laboratory investigations are extrapolated to classroom applications. Every classroom is unique in many ways and there are certain risks in generalising from the laboratory to the classroom as well as from one type of classroom to another.
Educational psychologists and educators in the field would do a service to the profession if they would cross-validate laboratory studies in the classroom and pool the results from such studies in several schools to determine the generality of their findings.
Conventional textbooks are quite unsatisfactory for the student who wishes to critically evaluate the reliability of the methods used in obtaining the information presented. The book, which presents enough of the methodology of the studies from which all of the data presented are derived, would be able to cover a very limited area of subject matter and a small number of studies. It is necessary, therefore, for textbooks to become authoritarian in tenor and subject-matter oriented if they are to be useful to the student who is largely a consumer of research data. Data presented in textbook fashion must be accepted largely on faith—faith in the veracity of the presentations and in the reliability of the research methods used.
The student who is critical will want to go back to the original studies to check on the original methods and data on issues which are crucial for him. There are books of readings available in which selected studies are presented in their complete forms. These constitute useful supplements to the subject-matter oriented textbook. A textbook should be perceived by the student as a presentation of the best available information to date, organised and interpreted within a limited frame of reference.

Give the best summary of the first paragraph of the passage.

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

With Charles Darwin’s popularisation of the concept of evolution, man became interested in his biological origins and affiliations. This interest was centred on man’s phylogenetic origins. Starting with the work on heredity of Gregor Mendel in the 1860s and the recognition of its significance in 1900, interest shifted to the problem of man’s ontogenetic origins. Mendel’s simple ‘laws of heredity’ came to be widely known and were uncritically assumed to apply to all human characteristics. Most physical characteristics, intelligence, and many aspects of personality were thought to operate as simple Mendelian unit characters in their transmission from parent to child. This belief stimulated an interest to eugenic movements that proposed to bring about race betterment through sterilization of the unfit and encouragement of marriage among the superior members of society. Many groups of people organised to promote such programmes. Feeble-mindedness, poverty, crime, and immorality were thought to be largely matters of poor heredity. Several studies of family lines were published that seemed to give considerable support to this general concept.
From 1900 to about 1920, there was an overemphasis on the role of heredity in producing these conditions. The fixity and certainty of hereditary determination were grossly overestimated, and the environmental contribution to intelligence, personality, morality, and crime was either ignored or underestimated. The one fundamental fact of logic—that correlation does not prove causation—was forgotten. Because certain traits follow family lines, it does not follow that they are necessarily inherited. There is a ‘social heredity’ involved in the transmission of many things from generation to generation, and it is easy to confuse its effects with those of biology heredity.
Starting in the 1920s and ‘30s there set in a reaction against the uncritical application of the simple Mendelian concepts to all human characteristics and the resulting disregard of the importance of environmental factors. The extreme hereditarians were accused of being mechanistic in their frame of reference, deterministic in their philosophy, and unscientific in their methods.
Behaviour trends, intellectual level, special talents, and temperament are not inherited as such, but heredity is certainly a factor in determining all of them. Genes affect behaviour indirectly through their influence on the structural development of the individual. Genes affect structural conditions which, in turn, influence function. Such complex things as feeble-mindedness, musical talent, mathematical aptitude, and criminality can hardly be inherited. However, the genes can be crucial factors in determining the development of the nervous system, the sensitivity of the ear, the discriminating ability of the eye, the length, diameter, and nature of the vocal cords, and as such things as the size and shape of the hands. (Sawrey and Telford in Education Psychology)

Give the essence of the second paragraph.

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Data of educational psychology are obtained in various methods. These methods range in reliability from extremely low to very high. In addition to the questionable validity of the information obtained by research, there are certain risks of inference involved when the results of laboratory investigations are extrapolated to classroom applications. Every classroom is unique in many ways and there are certain risks in generalising from the laboratory to the classroom as well as from one type of classroom to another.
Educational psychologists and educators in the field would do a service to the profession if they would cross-validate laboratory studies in the classroom and pool the results from such studies in several schools to determine the generality of their findings.
Conventional textbooks are quite unsatisfactory for the student who wishes to critically evaluate the reliability of the methods used in obtaining the information presented. The book, which presents enough of the methodology of the studies from which all of the data presented are derived, would be able to cover a very limited area of subject matter and a small number of studies. It is necessary, therefore, for textbooks to become authoritarian in tenor and subject-matter oriented if they are to be useful to the student who is largely a consumer of research data. Data presented in textbook fashion must be accepted largely on faith—faith in the veracity of the presentations and in the reliability of the research methods used.
The student who is critical will want to go back to the original studies to check on the original methods and data on issues which are crucial for him. There are books of readings available in which selected studies are presented in their complete forms. These constitute useful supplements to the subject-matter oriented textbook. A textbook should be perceived by the student as a presentation of the best available information to date, organised and interpreted within a limited frame of reference.

Change being the only constant, need to continuously upgrade individual skills and fine-tune them to understand and master nuances is imperative. The emphasis seems to be on

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

With the whole world having converged into one market—the barriers, of whatever kind they may be, cannot persist for long. They must make way for the natural market forces.  It is these forces that will determine what will sell and what will not. It is these forces that will produce what consumers would want to consume. Only those who can read these forces will survive in the market. This market will not be local, but global. A successful entrepreneur has to dabble in this global market, in the international milieu, location notwithstanding. An individual’s traits and tenacity will, accordingly, be put to severe test. An institution can justify its existence only if it is able to hone and sharpen the skill of an individual to a level from where he or she can successfully dabble in international milieu. Several management schools are actually doing that while there are several others that are claiming to be doing that. We have set out on course to sift good from not-so-good.
Certain agencies examine these to provide necessary inputs on the mushrooming business schools so that one could take an informed decision on whether or not to choose them to hone entrepreneurial skill to enable them to dabble in any market. India is young. As part of that Young India and of the emerging economy, an academic stint with a quality institution, national or international, will expectedly give necessary tools to explore potential and develop market for India and Indian produce/services in the international arena and vice versa. This, in the process, will become an enabling conduit. 
Interactive sessions with international clientele—which these B-schools should enable —will give an insight into the basic needs of market and people who buy services and products. While smiles of the satisfied customers are rewards in themselves, they will constantly goad market people to keep upgrading their level of services. Frowns of dissatisfied/querulous customers will be lessons on how to deal with fastidious customers. Taking this as a challenge, ways and means of how to bring smile on the faces of the most fastidious of them all could and should be devised. Success or failure of an enterprise will largely depend on this. While life is changing fast, customer needs are changing faster still. This calls for constantly upgrading marketing skills to meet the requirements of ever changing facets of present day clientele. Change being the only constant, need to continuously upgrade individual skills and fine-tune them to understand and master nuances is imperative.

Several management schools are actually doing that while there are several others that are claiming to be doing that. What does 'that' refer to?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

With the whole world having converged into one market—the barriers, of whatever kind they may be, cannot persist for long. They must make way for the natural market forces.  It is these forces that will determine what will sell and what will not. It is these forces that will produce what consumers would want to consume. Only those who can read these forces will survive in the market. This market will not be local, but global. A successful entrepreneur has to dabble in this global market, in the international milieu, location notwithstanding. An individual’s traits and tenacity will, accordingly, be put to severe test. An institution can justify its existence only if it is able to hone and sharpen the skill of an individual to a level from where he or she can successfully dabble in international milieu. Several management schools are actually doing that while there are several others that are claiming to be doing that. We have set out on course to sift good from not-so-good.
Certain agencies examine these to provide necessary inputs on the mushrooming business schools so that one could take an informed decision on whether or not to choose them to hone entrepreneurial skill to enable them to dabble in any market. India is young. As part of that Young India and of the emerging economy, an academic stint with a quality institution, national or international, will expectedly give necessary tools to explore potential and develop market for India and Indian produce/services in the international arena and vice versa. This, in the process, will become an enabling conduit. 
Interactive sessions with international clientele—which these B-schools should enable —will give an insight into the basic needs of market and people who buy services and products. While smiles of the satisfied customers are rewards in themselves, they will constantly goad market people to keep upgrading their level of services. Frowns of dissatisfied/querulous customers will be lessons on how to deal with fastidious customers. Taking this as a challenge, ways and means of how to bring smile on the faces of the most fastidious of them all could and should be devised. Success or failure of an enterprise will largely depend on this. While life is changing fast, customer needs are changing faster still. This calls for constantly upgrading marketing skills to meet the requirements of ever changing facets of present day clientele. Change being the only constant, need to continuously upgrade individual skills and fine-tune them to understand and master nuances is imperative.