Credit, Debt, and Finance

A commercial bill is a short-term, negotiable, self-liquidating instrument which is used to finance the credit sales of firms. Commercial bills are known as trade bills or accommodation bills. These are common instruments used in credit purchase and sale. These have short term maturity period generally 90 days and can be discounted with bank even before the maturity period.

Treasury bill are issued at a price which is lower than their face value and repaid at par. A treasury bill is basically an instrument of short-term borrowing by the Government of India maturing in less than one year.  Treasury bills enable government to get short term borrowings as these bills are sold to banks and general public. Maturity of Treasury bills varies from 14 to 364 days.

Treasury bills are also known as Zero Coupon Bonds that are available for a minimum of and in multiples thereof. A treasury bill is basically an instrument of short-term borrowing by the Government of India maturing in less than one year.  Treasury bills enable government to get short term borrowings as these bills are sold to banks and general public. Maturity of Treasury bills varies from 14 to 364 days.

Working capital financing is done by various modes such as trade credit, cash and discount of bills, bank guarantee, letter of credit, factoring, commercial paper, working capital financing extensively used by all small and big businesses.

A commercial bill is a short-term, negotiable, self-liquidating instrument which is used to finance the credit sales of firms. Commercial bills are known as trade bills or accommodation bills. These are common instruments used in credit purchase and sale. These have short term maturity period generally 90 days and can be discounted with bank even before the maturity period.

Personal accounts are related to individuals, firms, companies, etc. A few examples of personal accounts are debtors, creditors, banks, outstanding/prepaid accounts, accounts of credit customers, accounts of goods suppliers, capital, drawings, etc.

Farmers rely on the informal sources of credit as it is the easiest way to borrow funds, even though the rate of interest is high. So they often borrow money from the moneylenders in the form of loans to purchase the basic things for their farms like pesticides, seeds, cattle, fertilizers, etc.

The bad debt reserve is a provision for the estimated amount of bad debt that is likely to arise from existing account receivable. A bad debt reserve is a contra account, which is designed to offset the receivables account with which it is prepared. The receivables account has a natural debit balance, while the bad debt reserve has a natural credit balance.

They are the portion of profits set aside to strengthen the financial position of a business. Generally, reserves are created to meet unknown future obligations which may arise due to miscellaneous business reasons.

Debenture issued by a company is an acknowledgment that the company has borrowed a certain amount of money,which it promises to repay at a future date. It is a long term security. Fixed interest is earned by issuing the debentures.

Debentures are an important instrument for raising long term debt capital. a debenture issued by a company represents that the company has borrowed some amount of capital and the company promises to return them on a fixed rate of interest.

 Debenture holders are paid a fixed stated amount of interest at specified intervals. Public issue of debentures requires that the issue be rated by a credit rating agency.

Credit gaining institutions take decisions based on the financial performance of the undertakings. They refer the financial statements to analyse the performance of the business. Credit gaining institutions need to check whether the company is capable of repaying the credit they are taking or not. 

A promissory note must be for a definite, certain sum of money. Including 'sundry charges' makes the total amount uncertain, rendering the note invalid.

The sum should be payable to a certain person. There are only two parties to a Promissory Note, one is the maker or the payer and another one is the payee. It is not transferable and thus, the amount is not payable to the bearer. The liability of the maker is primary and absolute.