Constitutional Amendments

The 42nd Amendment (1976) gave primacy to Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights, fundamentally altering the constitutional balance. It also added the words 'socialist, secular' to the preamble and established a more centralized federal structure during the Emergency period.

Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 during the Emergency period. These duties (Article 51A) were inspired by the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee recommendations and were later reiterated by the Supreme Court as integral to constitutional interpretation. The 42nd Amendment was comprehensive and made numerous changes.

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 amended the Preamble to add the words 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity' to describe India as a 'Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic'. This was a significant amendment passed during the Emergency period. The 44th Amendment did not touch the Preamble, and the other amendments listed are irrelevant.

The 24th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1971 affirmed Parliament's power to amend any part of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights. This was in response to the Golaknath case (1967) where the Supreme Court had held that Fundamental Rights cannot be amended. The 24th Amendment clarified that Parliament has the power to amend any provision of the Constitution. The 42nd and 44th Amendments dealt with different aspects.

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 is indeed the lengthiest amendment to the Constitution, as it made 59 different amendments and added several new articles. It dealt with fundamental rights, directive principles, federal structure, judiciary, and emergency provisions. The 44th Amendment was also comprehensive but not as extensive as the 42nd. The other amendments listed were not as comprehensive.

The 56th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1987 provided for the full statehood of Goa and reorganized Daman and Diu as a separate Union Territory. This followed the Annexation of Goa in 1961 and earlier arrangements. The 44th Amendment dealt with Fundamental Rights, while the 42nd Amendment was the comprehensive Emergency-era amendment. None of the other amendments listed dealt with Goa's statehood.

The 41st Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 raised the retirement age of members of State Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62 years. This amendment amended Article 316 of the Constitution. The change was made to ensure continuity and experience in these important constitutional bodies. The other amendments listed (44th, 42nd, 24th, 56th) dealt with entirely different constitutional provisions.

The 58th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1987 empowered the President to publish the Hindi translation of the Constitution under his authority. This amendment provided that the Hindi translation would have the same legal validity as the English text. It was part of efforts to give equal status to Hindi as an official language. The other amendments listed did not deal with Hindi translation.

The 43rd Amendment restored the jurisdiction of Supreme Court and High Courts that had been curtailed by the 42nd Amendment during Emergency. This rollback reversed the constitutional changes that had limited judicial review.

The 42nd Amendment gave Parliament supremacy through the Constitution. Passed during Emergency in 1976, it profoundly altered the constitutional balance and enhanced parliamentary power significantly.

The 55th Amendment conferred statehood on the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh. This constitutional upgrade elevated Arunachal Pradesh from union territory to full statehood in 1986.

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 transferred education from the State List to the Concurrent List. This allowed both the central and state governments to make laws on education, leading to more uniform educational policies across India.

The 42nd Amendment (1976) added 'Socialist,' 'Secular,' and 'Integrity' to the Preamble. The existing words 'Sovereign,' 'Democratic,' and 'Republic' were retained. This amendment was controversial and later partially reviewed.

Option (1) is correct: The words ‘socialist secular’ and ‘unity and integrity of the Nation’ were added to the Preamble to the Constitution of India in the 42^nd Amendment. Option (2) is correct: No such provision. Option (3) is correct: No such provision.