Computer Networks

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a way of giving out IP addressing and routing IP packets.

Site Local addresses begin with 'FECx:'.

The fragment offset allows the destination host to reassemble the fragments in a proper order.

Hop-by-hop options specify options that should be processed by every router in the path. It directly follows the IPv6 header.

Next header specifies the type of the next header. This field usually specifies the transport layer protocol used by a packet's payload.

Time to live field is used to avoid looping in the network. Every packet is sent with some TTL value set, which tells the network how many routers (hops) this packet can cross.

It returns the domain name of the server as a string.

This layer in OSI performs data encryption and compression of data so that it can be easily transferred to different computers.

This algorithm of TCP allows old implementation of TCP to start a connection with the sender so that multiple segments can be injected into the network up to the window size advertised by the receiver.

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is an application protocol used for transporting Usenet news articles (netnews) between news servers and for reading and posting articles by end user client applications.

Border Gateway Protocol is an exterior gateway routing protocol that enables groups of routers (called autonomous systems) to share routing information so that efficient, loop-free routes can be established. BGP is commonly used within and between Internet Service Providers (ISPs).

Gopher protocol is a TCP/IP application layer protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet. Gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web.

 The session layer provides the mechanism for opening, closing and managing a session between end-user application processes, i.e. a semi-permanent dialogue. Communication sessions consist of requests and responses that occur between applications.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to test the internet. ICMP messages are typically used for diagnostic or control purposes or generated in response to errors in IP operations.

Network layer is responsible for packet forwarding, including routing through intermediate routers. Hence, routing is a concern of this layer.