Computer Networks

Domain Name System protocol resolves the numerical address of network into its textual name or vice-versa.

This layer describes the physical equipment necessary for communication, such as twisted pair cables.

Browsers and servers use TCP/IP to connect to the Internet. A browser uses TCP/IP to access a server. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet.

Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote server to a local email client. POP3 allows you to download email messages on your local computer and read them even when you are offline.

IPv6 is the next generation protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networking. IPv6 will replace the current IPv4 standard.

Its main task is routing and congestion control.

It is concerned with all aspects of information representation including data encoding and compression.

Upon detecting a collision, stations abort the transmission and saves time and bandwidth.

Collision occurs during the contention period.

This ensures low delay at low loads and good channel efficiency at high loads.

It multiplexes several transport connections onto the same network connection to reduce cost and is a true end-to-end layer.

This layer solves the problems caused by lost, damaged and duplicate frames.

When the token holder crashes along with the token, the ring initialisation algorithm is used and Claim_token control frame is sent.

Crash recovery is a function of the transport layer.

Both (1) and (2) use pipelining.