Computer Networks

CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) prevents collisions through deliberate mechanisms. Unlike ALOHA (which has high collision rates) or CSMA/CD (which detects collisions after they occur), CSMA/CA uses Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) handshaking to reserve the channel and avoid collisions entirely.

The physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model is closest to the actual transmission medium, dealing with the physical connection between devices and the transmission of raw bit streams over the medium.

Correct Answer: All of the above

Star topology requires a central controller or hub that all devices connect to. This central hub manages all communication between connected devices, unlike bus, mesh, or ring topologies.

Transmission media are closest to the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model. The physical layer deals with the actual transmission of raw bits over a physical medium.

FTP opens a new data connection for each file transfer operation during a session. The control connection stays open, but data connections are created and closed as needed for each transfer.

The MOVE method is used to move a file to a different location on the server. While not part of standard HTTP/1.1, it is defined in WebDAV (Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning) extensions for file management.

With 40 stations on an Ethernet LAN segmented by a 10-port bridge, each segment handles 4 stations (40/10). If the total bandwidth is 10 Mbps and each segment gets 1 Mbps (10/10 ports), then each station in a segment gets 0.25 Mbps (1/4). However, if we calculate based on standard Ethernet collision domain reduction: a 10-port bridge creates 10 collision domains, each with 10 Mbps / 4 stations = 2.5 Mbps effective average per station. The calculation depends on traffic patterns but 2.5 Mbps is a reasonable approximation.

Internet2 is a consortium (not a technology or cable system) led by over 300 universities and organizations to develop and deploy advanced network applications and technologies. It focuses on high-speed research and education networks, not consumer-grade browsers or basic LAN connections.

Context refers to the conditions that precede or surround the communication. It consists of present or past events from which the meaning of the messages is derived, though it may also, in the case of written communications, depend upon the statements preceding and following the quotation in question.

This option is correct as this is used for token ring.