Computer Fundamentals and System Concepts

Malware is a portmanteau of malicious software. It is a broad term that encompasses viruses, worms, trojans, and other harmful programs.

Bots are automated programs that perform specific tasks on networks, often maliciously like DDoS attacks or spam distribution. They can also be used for legitimate purposes like web crawling. Option C is correct despite the grammatical error in the question ('Bots is' should be 'Bots are') and the option ('to specific tasks' missing a verb).

A rootkit is a collection of software tools that enable an unauthorized user to gain control of a computer system without being detected. It often hides its presence and provides administrative (root) access.

Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim's files, making them inaccessible. The attacker then demands a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key.

A null session is a connection to a Windows system that does not require a username or password. It is often used by attackers to gather information about the system.

Antivirus software is designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious software (malware) from computer systems. It acts as a protective layer against various digital threats.

Supercomputers are defined by their massive parallel processing capabilities, typically involving hundreds of CPUs and high memory capacities, often cited in historical AI texts as having 10^9 bits of RAM.

The Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. It involves a machine acting as one of the players in a conversation.

The term 'bug' became popular after Grace Hopper and her team found a moth trapped in a relay of the Harvard Mark II computer in 1947, causing it to malfunction.

In programming, a bug is a flaw, error, or fault in a computer program that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result.

The four basic functions of a computer are input, processing, output, and storage. Coding is the act of creating instructions for the computer, not a function of the hardware itself.

A computer is defined as an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

In client-server architecture, a server is a computer or program that dedicates its resources to fulfill requests and provide data to client devices over a network. A client is the one that requests the data.

A graphics card does not have a power supply. It receives power from the motherboard.

Passive cooling is not a type of graphics card cooling system. It is a method of cooling a graphics card without using any fans or other active cooling components.