Computer Fundamentals and System Concepts

NORMA stands for No Remote Memory Access. It is a distributed memory architecture where each processor has its own local memory and cannot access the memory of other processors.

A distributed computer system is defined as a collection of independent computers that appear to the user as a single coherent system through communication and cooperation.

A distributed operating system manages the resources and communication across a collection of autonomous computers, providing a unified interface.

A Virtual Circuit (VC) is a means of transporting data over a packet-switched computer network in such a way that it appears as though there is a dedicated physical layer link between the source and destination end systems.

The CPU is composed of the Control Unit (CU), which manages instructions, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which performs calculations, and the Memory Unit (often registers/cache).

The microprocessor is the central component of a computer that performs the actual processing of data and instructions.

The clock chip, often part of the Real-Time Clock (RTC) circuit, is integrated into the motherboard to keep track of the system time even when the computer is powered off.

ASCII was developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to provide a standard character encoding for electronic communication. It represents text in computers and other devices.

Firmware is software that is permanently programmed into a hardware device's read-only memory (ROM), providing the necessary instructions for the device to function.

It consists of control unit, antennas, power plant and data terminals.

A computer virus is a malicious piece of code or program that attaches itself to legitimate programs and replicates by infecting other programs or files. The term virus is used metaphorically from biological viruses. Disease is not a technical term for malicious code, both 1 and 2 is incorrect since disease is not a valid option, and D is wrong because B is the correct answer (despite the typo viruse instead of virus).

A computer worm is a standalone malware computer program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers, often using a computer network.

Robustness is the ability of a system to continue operating correctly despite invalid inputs or stressful conditions, distinguishing it from general reliability.

A computer program that mimics the behavior of a physical system is called a simulation. It allows researchers to study the system without needing the physical entity.

Cassette is used in Video Player same as Floppy is used in Computer.