Common Chemical Compounds and Reactions

 Mixture of 3 part of concentrated HCl and 1 part of concentrated HNO_3.

If we keep on adding a substance to water then a state arrives, when no more solute can be dissolved in it. Such a solution is said to be saturated, though more solute in the same can be dissolved by heating the solution. 

Chalk powder is insoluble and salt is soluble in water. So, we will dissolve both the substances in separate test tubes. The one which gets dissolved will be salt and the other which is insoluble is chalk powder. 

Hirudin is the specific anticoagulant produced by medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) to prevent blood clotting while they feed. Heparin is produced by mast cells and basophils in mammals, not leeches. Sodium citrate is an artificial anticoagulant used in laboratory settings, not a natural leech product.

Gujarat accounts for 50% of total production of salt

Calcium chloride is used in freezing mixture.

Permanent hardness of water, due to sulphates of the metal, can be destroyed by use of zeolites. Zeolites are hydrated sodium alumino silicate minerals which destroy the calcium and magnesium sulphates in the water.

The Solvay process (or Solvey process) is primarily used for the industrial manufacture of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, soda ash). This involves the reaction of sodium chloride with ammonia and carbon dioxide to form sodium bicarbonate, which is then heated to produce sodium carbonate. NaOH is typically produced by electrolysis, CaOCl₂ (bleaching powder) from chlorine and lime, and NH₃ by Haber process.

Microcosmic salt is sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate tetrahydrate, with the formula Na(NH₄)HPO₄·4H₂O. It crystallizes in characteristic tetrahedral shapes and is used in qualitative analysis for detecting cations through flame tests. The exact number of water molecules (4) is crucial for identification. This salt forms when equimolar solutions of sodium phosphate and ammonium phosphate are mixed.

Among alkaline earth carbonates, solubility increases down the group. BeCO3 has the highest solubility due to the very small size and high charge density of Be²+ ion, which gives it exceptional hydration energy that overcomes lattice energy. MgCO3, CaCO3, and SrCO3 are progressively less soluble. SrSO4 is a sulfate (not carbonate) and is actually insoluble.

Carnallite is a naturally occurring mineral with the chemical formula KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O. It is an important source of potassium and magnesium. Option A is borax, B is dolomite, and D is cryolite.

Epsom salt is the common name for magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, MgSO₄·7H₂O. It has been used traditionally as a bath salt for muscle relaxation. Option A is incorrect hydration state, B is gypsum, and C is washing soda.

BeO, Al₂O₃, and ZnO are amphoteric oxides - they react with both acids and bases. CaO is a basic oxide that only reacts with acids to form salts and water. It does not react with bases.

Baking soda is the common name for sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃). It is used in baking as a leavening agent because it decomposes on heating to release CO₂. Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) is washing soda, and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) is Glauber's salt.

Li2CO3 decomposes on heating because Li+ is very small and polarizes the large CO3^2- ion, weakening the C-O bonds and causing decomposition into Li2O and CO2. Na2CO3 and K2CO3 are stable to heat due to larger cations with lower polarizing power, while CaO is already an oxide and cannot decompose further.