Cellular Respiration and Enzymes

This cycle is named Cori cycle after its discoveror.

Enzyme that catalyses decarboxylation in bundle-sheath cells differs. In maize and sugarcane, the enzyme is NADP-malic enzyme.

Yes, it is correct as during oxidation, energy is released from food materials directly into the cells and  it is released in a series of slow step-wise reactions controlled by enzymes.

Yes, it is correct as in both the reactions, ATP is utilised.

Yes, it is correct. In anaerobic respiration, the products are ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, CO₂ and 2 ATPs.

Yes, it is correct as all of the given options are correct. The breakdown of food materials within the cells releases energy during respiration.

Yes, it is correct. In ETS, in the cristae of the mitochondria, cytochromes and coenzymes exist, which accept high-energy electrons and pass the electrons to the next molecule in the system.

Yes, it is correct. There are three major ways in which different cells handle pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis. These are lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation and aerobic respiration.

Yes, it is the correct answer. In aerobic respiration, glycolysis is followed by citric acid cycle and ETS, which occur in the mitochondria.

 An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds. In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains.

 As compared to a C₃^- plant, twelve additional molecules of ATP are needed for net production of one molecule of hexose sugar by C₄^- plants. 18 ATPs are required to synthesize one glucose molecule in C₃ plant and 30 ATPs are required to synthesize one glucose molecule in C₄ plants.

 Chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis in the chloroplasts and mitochondria is based on proton gradient.Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

 The catalytic efficiencies of two different enzymes can be compared by the Km value. Km is the Michaelis-Menten constant which shows the concentration of the substrate when the reaction velocity is equal to one half of the maximal velocity for the reaction.

 Yes, it is correct. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration usually happens in most of the microbes. Alcohol and carbon dioxide are formed at the end of anaerobic respiration. In some cases, lactic acid is formed at the end of anaerobic respiration.

The theoretical maximum ATP yield from aerobic respiration is 38 ATP (or sometimes cited as 36). Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule - the net gain from glycolysis alone since fermentation doesn't produce additional ATP. Options A and B have the order reversed, while option C is incorrect as glycolysis does produce 2 ATP even in anaerobic conditions.