Botany and Plant Science

A spadix is a form of spike in which the florets are densely crowded along the axis. They are enclosed or accompanied by a highly specialized bract called a spathe and are a characteristic of the Araceae family.

Adventitious roots arise out-of-sequence from the more usual root formation of branches of a primary root, and instead originate from the stem, branches, leaves, or old woody roots. They commonly occur in monocots and pteridophytes, but also in many dicots, such as clover (Trifolium), ivy (Hedera), strawberry (Fragaria) and willow (Salix). Most aerial roots and stilt roots are adventitious.

The epidermis is the outer layer of cells covering the leaf. It forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external world. The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss by way of transpiration, regulation of gas exchange, secretion of metabolic compounds, and (in some species) absorption of water.

Here the leaves form a rosette. A rosette is a circular arrangement of leaves with all the leaves at the same height.

Pinnately compound leaves have the leaflets arranged along the main or mid-vein.

The large roots that have undergone considerable secondary thickening and provide mechanical support to woody plants and trees.

These are the roots of parasitic plants that can absorb water and nutrients from another plant, such as in mistletoe (Viscum album) and dodder.

These are the roots that have undergone secondary thickening and have a woody structure. These roots have some ability to absorb water and nutrients, but their main function is transport and to provide a structure to connect the smaller diameter fine roots to the rest of the plant.

Adventitious roots arise out-of-sequence from the more usual root formation of branches of a primary root, and instead originate from the stem, branches, leaves, or old woody roots. They commonly occur in monocots and pteridophytes, but also in many dicots, such as clover (Trifolium), ivy (Hedera), strawberry (Fragaria) and willow (Salix).

In this type, the flowers are replaced by bulbils or other vegetative propagules, which frequently germinate while still on the plant. Vegetative apomixis is important in Allium, Fragaria, some grasses, etc.

A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ and used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (estivation).

The round head of gynoecium is called stigma.

Basal placentation is seen in helianthus.

Ovule originates from placenta.

The point of attachment of the body of ovule to funicle is known as hilum.