Renewable Energy (CSAT)

The USAID Partnership to Advance Clean Energy Deployment (PACE-D) is a five-year initiative to enhance energy efficiency and promote clean energy in India. Under the initiative, USAID, Nexant, Inc., Chemonics and the Indian government will collaborate to implement innovative energy efficiency technologies, advance commercial renewable energy technologies, improve the efficiency of coal power generation and enhance greenhouse gas mitigation programmes.

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) was founded in 2009 to promote widespread, increased adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy. 

On 18^th March 2013, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas set up a committee on energy security under Vijay Tendulkar, to develop a policy on energy security, utilisation of Oil Industry Development Board cess, resource mobilisation approaches and to suggest measures for promotion of indigenous service industry in the exploration and production sector.

Jatropha has the potential to provide economic benefits at the local level since under suitable management it has the potential to grow in dry marginal non-agricultural lands, thereby allowing villagers and farmers to leverage non-farm land for income generation. Jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and engines.Jatropha oil is carbon-neutral, large-scale production will improve the country's carbon emissions profile.

Hydrogen fuel is completely pollution free; the only by-product in its combustion is water.
The conversion of hydrogen into liquid is a costly process. Because hydrogen is a gas, it cannot be compressed into a liquid form without intensive cost and energy input.
Hydrogen is difficult to store and distribute.

After the Nuclear Suppliers Group agreed to allow nuclear exports to India, France was the first country to sign a civilian nuclear agreement with India, on 30^th September, 2008.

Banaras Hindu University (BHU); Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre (MCRC), Chennai and IIT Kharagpur are among the leading research groups working on biological, biomass and other renewable energy routes to produce hydrogen. The BHU, IIT Chennai and the National Physical Laboratory are working on the hydrogen storage methods. The BHU has modified a commercially available motorcycle (100 cc, four strokes) and a three-wheeler (175 cc, four strokes) to operate on hydrogen as a fuel.

The advanced heavy water reactor (AHWR) is the latest Indian design for a next generation nuclear reactor that will burn thorium in its fuel core. It is slated to form the third stage in India's three-stage fuel cycle plan. This phase of the fuel cycle plan is supposed to be built starting with a 300MW prototype in 2016.

The International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC) is a high-level international forum which includes developed and developing countries. Its purpose is to enhance global cooperation in the field of energy efficiency (EE) and to facilitate policies that yield energy efficiency gains across all sectors globally. IPEEC supported initiatives are open to both member and non-member nations as well as the private sector. IPEEC provides a forum that opens up a dialogue on energy, economic and environment issues between developed and developing nations as well as the private sector.

India's three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Dr.Homi Bhabha in the 1950s to secure the country's long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India. The ultimate focus of the programme is on enabling the thorium reserves of India to be utilised in meeting the country's energy requirements.Thorium is particularly attractive for India, as it has only around 1-2% of the global uranium reserves, but one of the largest shares of global thorium reserves at about 30% of the world's total thorium reserves.

Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of organic matter brought about by heat. In this process, the organic material is heated in the absence of air until the molecules thermally break down to become a gas comprising smaller molecules (known collectively as syngas). Gasification can also take place as a result of partial combustion of organic matter in the presence of a restricted quantity of oxygen or air. These methods are suitable for obtaining energy from wastes rich in organic content and low in moisture.

IREDA is a Public Limited Government Company established in 1987, under the administrative control of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to promote, develop and extend financial assistance for renewable energy and energy efficiency/conservation projects with the motto 'ENERGY FOR EVER'.

Only 1 is true.

The most attractive locations are the Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Kutch on the west coast where the maximum tidal range is 11 m and 8 m with average tidal range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m, respectively. The Ganges Delta in the Sundarbans in West Bengal also has good locations for small scale tidal power development.

All the above mentioned places are where solar power plants have been commissioned. The first under JNNSM was commissioned on 10^th June, 2011 at Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu.