Meteorology

The uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the sun creates differences in air pressure, which in turn drives wind and weather patterns.

Climate refers to the long-term average of weather conditions in a particular area, including temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind patterns.

The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, extending from the surface up to about 10 kilometers (6 miles).

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the primary greenhouse gas responsible for trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect.

A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that extends from the base of a thunderstorm cloud to the ground, often causing significant damage.

Hadley cells are the global wind system that circulates air from the tropics to the poles, driving weather patterns and climate.

Cumulonimbus clouds are tall, puffy clouds with a cauliflower-like appearance, often associated with thunderstorms and heavy rainfall.

Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air condenses into liquid water droplets or ice crystals, forming clouds and precipitation.

An anemometer is an instrument used to measure wind speed, typically consisting of rotating cups or vanes that are moved by the wind.

Snow occurs when water vapor in the air directly condenses into ice crystals without passing through the liquid phase, forming snowflakes.

Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids, such as air or water, causing warm fluids to rise and cool fluids to sink.

Cirrus clouds are thin, wispy clouds with a feathery appearance, often associated with fair weather and high altitudes.

Polar cells are the global wind system that circulates air from the poles to the tropics, driving weather patterns and climate.

Sleet occurs when liquid water droplets in clouds freeze and then melt before reaching the ground, forming small, icy pellets.

Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, such as sunlight, which can travel through empty space.