Advanced Medical Biology

Primary haemostasis initially involves vasoconstriction in response to vascular damage which limits blood loss, and platelet adhesion and activation due to exposure and binding to subendothelial matrix.

Heparin is a highly effective anticoagulant. Unfractionated heparin activates antithrombin which inactivates thrombin and factors IXa and Xa.

The key functions of the cardiovascular system are distribution of O₂, water, electrolytes and nutrients to all body tissues, transportation of CO2 and metabolic waste products from the tissues to the lungs and kidneys and thermo regulation.

Cardiopulmonary reflexes are diverse cardiovascular reflexes originating in the heart and lungs that exert a tonic depression of heart rate and vascular tone.

The QRS complex is one of the components of a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing of a complete cardiac cycle, normally occuring after the P wave. A wide and misshapen QRS may reflect bundle branch block or ventricular origin of the heart beat.

Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from the original tumour and set up secondary tumours in other parts of the body.

Tum cell lines are those which have mutated such that they cannot be grown in syngeneic animals with a normal immune system.

In the above question the only immune deficiency disorder that is related with an abnormality exclusively of the humoral response is Bruton's agammaglobulinemia.

A point mutation leads to a single amino acid substitution at either position 12, 13 or 61. These mutations are found in over 90% of patients with pancreatic carcinomas, in 40% of patients with colorectal cancers and their preneoplastic lesions, in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in preleukemic syndromes.

Within 24 h of stimulation by lymphocyte polyclonal activators, high concentrations of binding sites for this lectin appear on the surface of the cell.

If blood pressure is relatively high in early pregnancy, this is abnormal. There are a number of causes of this including an underlying glomerulonephritis or pre-existing essential hypertension.

The Rh (Rhesus) blood group is related to D antigen on red cells, present in 85% of the population (Rh+).Antibody to D antigen can be raised in Rh individuals by transfusion of Rh+ blood or when red cells from a Rh+ fetus enter the circulation of a Rh mother. This can cause haemolytic disease of the newborn .

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive imaging modality providing accurate assessment of global and ventricular function, myocardial perfusion and myocardial scar.

Partial inhibition of the Na⁺ pump with digoxin reduces the Na⁺ electrochemical gradient, thus impeding NCX, so more Ca²⁺ remains in the cell to support the next beat.

Integrins are a family of transmembrane glycoprotein receptors that mediate cell-matrix.They are involved in the anchoring of cells to an extracellular matrix. They affect tumour progression, and this has made them an appealing target for cancer therapy.