Cell Genetics and DNA Replication

In DNA, the sequence of nucleotides is Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).

Helicase is the enzyme that unwinds and separates the two strands of DNA during replication, creating a replication fork.

Polymerase is the enzyme responsible for adding new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication, using the existing strand as a template.

Ligase is the enzyme that joins the newly synthesized DNA fragments together during replication, creating a continuous DNA strand.

Primase is the enzyme that synthesizes the short RNA molecule (primer) that primes DNA synthesis during replication.

Transcription occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

Helicase is the enzyme responsible for unwinding and separating the two strands of DNA during transcription, creating a transcription bubble.

Polymerase is the enzyme responsible for adding new nucleotides to the growing RNA strand during transcription, using the DNA template strand as a guide.

Terminator is the sequence of nucleotides that signals the termination of transcription and the release of the newly synthesized RNA molecule.

Transcription is the process by which a gene's DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA molecule.

Translation is the process by which the information in an RNA molecule is used to synthesize a protein.

Translation occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

The 30S ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA and tRNA molecules during translation.

The 50S ribosomal subunit binds to the tRNA molecules and catalyzes peptide bond formation during translation.

tRNA (transfer RNA) is the molecule that carries the amino acids to the ribosome during translation.